Effect of COVID 19 vaccination on the CT severity score for SARS CoV2 pneumonia-an experience from the initial wave

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic started in the December of 2019 at China. The second wave of the pandemic in India peaked between April-May 2021. In order to reduce the transmission and infectivity of the virus several vaccines were approved for emergent use. Studies have shown the effectiveness of vaccination in reducing the clinical severity of infection by the corona virus. In this study we aim to assess the effect of vaccination on the computed tomography severity score (CTSS). The study included 140 patients who tested positive for COVID 19 on RT PCR or rapid antigen test. Seventy of these patients had received at least one dose of vaccination and 70 patients were unvaccinated. CT scan of the chest was done for all patients and a CTSS ranging from 0 to 25 was assigned depending on the extent of lobar involvement. We found that a higher percentage (72.86%) of unvaccinated patients had severe disease compared to the vaccinated group (38.57%), 5.71% of unvaccinated patients had mild disease compared to 30% of vaccinated patients. The difference between the two groups was found to be statistically significant. On comparing the CTSS of patients with and without vaccination in our study, we found a significant reduction in the severity scores in the vaccinated group. Through this study the vaccine’s efficacy could be validated objectively. This article aims to emphasize the role of vaccination in our fight against the pandemic caused by the corona virus


INTRODUCTION
The pandemic caused by the highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in the December of 2019 in Wuhan, China. Several new mutants have emerged across the globe having increased transmissibility and infectivity. The number of cases confirmed worldwide now exceed 621 million and over 6.5 million deaths have been reported globally [1]. In what was known as the largest vaccination drive in the world, India pledged to vaccinate millions of frontline workers during the first phase which was then extended to the entire adult population of the country. The most widely used vaccines that were approved for use in India included Covishield (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) (by Serum Institute of India Ltd.) and Covaxin (BBV152) (by Bharat Biotech International Ltd.). Covishield is an adenovirus vector-based vaccine whereas Covaxin is an inactivated virus vaccine using imidazoquinoline as an adjuvant to boost immune response and to provide longer-lasting immunity. Sputnik-V(Gam-COVID-Vac), the Russian two vector vaccine also based on adenoviruses, was the third vaccine approved for emergency use in India. Apart from those approved for use, several other vaccines are also under trial in India [2].
Vaccines are however not 100 per cent effective in preventing illness. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antigen in a respiratory specimen collected from a person 14 days after receiving the recommended doses of vaccine is defined as breakthrough infection [3].
The most common imaging finding seen in COVID-19 pneumonia is the presence of multifocal ground glass opacities in bilateral lungs showing posterior and basal predominance. In this study our aim was to assess the effect of vaccination on the CT severity score. The CT severity score has been designed to assess the severity of COVID 19 pneumonia, in patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Studies have shown that the use of vaccination reduces the clinical severity of infection by the corona virus even though it might not prevent infection by the virus [4,5]. This has been reflected in the CT severity score of the vaccinated patients in our study. Axial scans of the thorax were obtained on a 6-slice CT scanner (Siemens Emotion). Following the scan, a CT severity score (CTSS) [6] was assigned depending on the extent of involvement of each lobe of the lungs (0-normal, 1:<5% involvement, 2: 5-25% involvement, 3:26-50% involvement, 4: 51-75% involvement, 5: >75% involvement) with a total score ranging from 0-25 for both lungs. Based on the CTSS the patients were grouped into three categories i.e., mild, moderate and severe for a score of ≤7, 8-17 and ≥18 respectively [6].

: Statistical analysis:
The presentation of the categorical variables was done in the form of numbers and percentage (%). The quantitative data were presented as the mean± SD and as median with 25th and 75th percentiles (interquartile range). The following statistical tests were applied for the results: 1. The comparison of the variables which were quantitative in nature and normally distributed was done using independent t test and non-normally distributed data was analyzed using Mann Whitney test.
2. The comparison of the variables which were qualitative in nature was done using Chi-Square test.

RESULTS
The demographics of the study subjects in both groups were similar in terms of mean age and gender distribution (Table 1). No significant difference in CTSS was found in patients with and without co-morbidities (p value=0.018). On comparing the number of patients with mild, moderate and severe disease based on the CTSS, we found a statistically significant difference between the two groups ( Table 2). A greater percentage of the unvaccinated subjects (72.86%) had severe disease [ Figure 1and 2] compared to the vaccinated group (38.57%) whereas, a greater percentage of the vaccinated patients had mild to moderate disease (30 % and 31.43% respectively) [ Figure 3 and 4]. Only 5.71% of the unvaccinated patients had mild disease. The mean CTSS of patients with at least one dose of vaccination was found to be significantly lower than that of patients who were unvaccinated i.e., 13.33 ± 8.06 and 19.3 ± 5.52 respectively. Similar observations were made on comparing the median scores of both groups. We found a correlation between the CTSS and the age of the patients (Correlation coefficient =0.214, P value=0.011), with severe disease seen in patients in the older age groups (mean age 53.64 ± 11.87 years). No correlation was found with gender of the patients (Table 3 and graph 1).

Figure 3: (A-C): Axial (A-B) and coronal (C) non-contrast CT scan sections in lung window of a 66-year-old male who had received 1 dose of vaccine show multifocal patchy areas of ground glass attenuation showing peripheral and basal distribution (arrows)
. The patient had a CTSS of 6 (mild disease).

Figure 4: (A-C): Axial(A-B) and coronal (C) non-contrast CT scan sections in lung window of a 50-year-old vaccinated female show large multifocal areas of consolidation (arrow) with surround-
ing ground glass attenuation. The patient had a CTSS of 19 (severe disease).

DISCUSSION
As described by numerous previous studies, the most common pattern of lung involvement seen in COVID-19 pneumonia is the presence of multifocal ground glass opacities in bilateral lungs showing posterior and basal predominance [7]. Other imaging findings include consolidation, crazy paving pattern, pulmonary vascular enlargement, halo sign, bronchial wall thickening and reverse halo sign. In late stages, features of fibrosis may be seen including subpleural parenchymal bands, architectural distortion and tractional bronchiectasis [7]. The pathological correlates for the predominant findings namely ground glass opacities and consolidation being capillary dilatation along with congestion, interstitial edema, and diffuse alveolar damage [8]. The article by Dr Lee and col-leagues published in the June 2022 issue of Radiology discusses the imaging and clinical features of COVID 19 breakthrough infections [9]. In their cohort of 412 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, patients vaccinated for COVID-19 exhibited fewer findings of COVID-19 pneumonia at chest CT than did patients who were not vaccinated. Additionally, the need for ventilatory support and the frequency of intensive care unit admission were significantly lower in the vaccinated group than in the unvaccinated group.
The patients in our study had received either Covaxin or Covishield. Initially, a gap of 4 weeks was approved between the two doses of either vaccine. Presently, for Covishield, an interval of 12-16 weeks has been approved in India. A study conducted in India compared the antibody response following the first dose of Covaxin to that of Covishield and found that the responder rate and the rise in anti-spike antibody was significantly higher with Covishield as compared to Covaxin [10].
It has been found that the CT severity score can be used as a useful marker for predicting short term mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia by providing an estimate of the actual anatomical damage to the lungs. The CTSS has also been found to correlate with the disease severity.
The scores were found to be lower in patients with mild disease [11].
The study done by Gurumurthy et al used CT severity score as a potential imaging bio marker to evaluate the disease severity among vaccinated and unvaccinated patients of COVID pneumonia.
It revealed reduced CT severity score in vaccinated patients and a positive protective effect of the vaccines among symptomatic patients [12].
In this study, we have assessed the effect of vaccination on the extent of lung involvement in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia using CT severity score as a measure of severity of lung disease. The patients were divided into those with mild, moderate and severe disease based on the scores and comparison was made between the vaccinated and unvaccinated study population.
Earlier studies have shown a reduction in the clinical severity and hospital admission rates in patients vaccinated against the virus [4,5]. An Indian study done by Atre et al, published in June 2022 also revealed lower mean CTSS in fully vaccinated cohort than in partially vaccinated and unvaccinated cohort. Also, the mean CTSS was found to be higher in presence of comorbidities [13]. However, in the present study no significant difference in CTSS in patients with and without co-morbidities was found. This difference could be due to referral bias and the relatively low sample size in the present study. Since most i.e., 87.14% of the patients had received only one dose of either vaccine we conclude that even a single dose of vaccine can effectively reduce the severity of pulmonary involvement as assessed by the CTSS. This preliminary study emphasizes the importance of vaccination and the need for robust system of vaccination in order to maximize the benefits. One limitation of this study was that the presence of co-morbidities was not taken into account which might have influenced the disease severity.

CONCLUSIONS
On comparing the CTSS of patients with and without vaccination in our study, we found a significant reduction in the scores in the vaccinated group. The vaccine's efficacy could be validated objectively, thus, emphasizing the role of vaccination in our fight against the pandemic.