Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences
type: channel
description: Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences - BJRS ISSN 2319-0612 One way to impact radiation protection safety culture is by establishing adequate and proper communication processes among all the actors involved in radiation applications, in various fields such as industry, environmental conservation, analytical sciences, agriculture, medical diagnosis and therapy, and other areas. In this context, the BJRS as an open access journal, supported by the Brazilian Radiation Protection Society - SBPR, an IRPA associate society, aims to disseminate scientific articles on the major disciplines on radiation sciences, including: Biological and Health Effects of Radiation, Radiation Protection of Patients, Workers, and Members of the Public, Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry, International Recommendations and Regulations, Protection of the Environment, Education and Training, Technology and Development, Communication with Society, Stakeholder Engagement and Involvement, Safety Culture and Risk Perception, Emergency Preparedness and Response, Radioactive Waste Management, Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials, Nuclear Safety, Safeguards and Security of Radioactive Material Nuclear Law Nuclear Reactor Technology: new concepts Nuclear Fuel Cycle.
publisher: Sociedade Brasileira de Proteção Radiológica
language: en
publication name: Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences
issn: 2319-0612
copyright: Licensing: The BJRS articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
items: Calibration Of The Short Irradiation Facility For k0 - NAA Implementation At The IEA-R1 Reactor
items: Fabrication and Dosimetric Evaluation of a 3D-Printed Multichannel Cylindrical Applicator Prototype for HDR Gynecological Brachytherapy
items: The Brazilian panorama for the calibration of Y-90 microspheres
items: Automated dose-effect calibration curve for X-rays using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay
items: The EDXRF Analysis to Monitor Iron Deficiency Anemia
items: Determination of the total retention capacity of 99Mo in anionic extracting agent
items: Monte Carlo simulation of a 6 MV Varian Trilogy clinical linear accelerator using Geant4 for small-field dosimetry analysis
items: Evaluation of Nuclear Material Balance by Statistical Analysis of the Material Unaccounted For (MUF)
items: Radionuclides Leaching Assessment and External Exposure on Building Materials Containing NORM Residue
items: Development of a semi-analytical nodal methodology for one-dimensional eigenvalue problems based on multigroup neutron transport theory using the discrete ordinate formulation
items: Ginkgo biloba Extract: A Preliminary Study on Its Radiomitigative Potential Using the Conventional Dicentric Chromosome Assay
items: Optimization of Flight Parameters for Gamma Radiation Detection and Mapping Using Drones
items: Image quality and dose reduction in cardiac interventional procedures: application of an optimization strategy with typical dose value analysis
items: In vivo monitoring in radiological or nuclear emergencies: a program for intercomparison of detection efficiency in NaI(Tl) portable detectors
items: Legislation and Regulations Regarding the Use of Ionizing Radiation in Phytotherapeutics in Brazil: A Documentary Analysis
items: Use of Lymphoscintigraphy Images in Nuclear Medicine to Obtain the Distribution of 99mTc Photons in Computational Exposure Models
items: Detection of Cosmic Radiation at Low Doses: Integrative Review of Biodosimetric Methodologies with Proposition of Aerospace Evaluation Index
items: Understanding and enhancing nuclear safety culture in nuclear power plants through a quantitative system dynamics model
items: Tissue Reactions (Deterministic Effects) in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology: An Integrative Review of Recent Literature
items: Reality of radiological examinations with patients with physical limitations
items: Common onion extract (Allium cepa): radioprotective or radiosensitizing?
items: Analysis of the Relationship Between Absorbed Dose and Its Effect on Plant Materials: A Literature Review
items: Two-dimensional radiometric map of environmental radiation levels in a nuclear medicine service
items: Isotopic Characterization of Cumaru Essential Oil (Dipteryx odorata) for Quality and Authenticity Validation
items: Effective social participation in radiation protection: a necessary approach to indoor radon programs in Brazil
items: Determination of radon (222Rn) activity concentration in the Institute of Radiation Protecion and Dosimetry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
items: Determination of temporal correction factors for a survey meter detector dedicated to radioprotection in radiology
items: Primary standardization of Radionuclide 123I
items: Construction Process with Monte Carlo of a Lead-Moderated ²⁴¹Am-Be System to Simulate the Neutron Spectrum of ²⁵²Cf
items: A new method for voxelizing mesh phantoms through cross-sectional images

Calibration Of The Short Irradiation Facility For k0 - NAA Implementation At The IEA-R1 Reactor
type: item
description: The short irradiation facility of the IEA-R1 nuclear research reactor at IPEN, São Paulo, Brazil, has been used for short irradiation of samples for the purpose of determining the concentration of elements of these samples through the use of the instrumental neutron activation analysis technique. With the aim of implementing the k0-NAA method at the Neutron Activation Analysis Laboratory (LAN), the reactor parameters a and f were obtained using the bare triple method. In this method, a set of three neutron flux monitors were irradiated without Cd-cover. The efficiency curve of the gamma-ray spectrometer used was determined by measuring calibrated radioactive sources at the commonly used counting geometries. The results for the parameters a and f were respectively 0.0384±0.0016 and 35.67±0.26. This value of f shows that the neutrons in the irradiation position are well thermalized.The variation of these parameters was studied with time and the reproducibility was verified.
subject: The Meeting on Nuclear Applications (ENAN) 2019
  topic: section
subject: k0 method
  topic: keywords
creator: João Pedro Oliveira Flores
creator: Paulo Sérgio Cardoso Silva
creator: Renato Semmler
creator: Mauro Silva Dias
creator: Marina Fallone Koskinas
creator: Denise Simões Moreira
creator: Ione Makiko Yamazaki
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2021-04-30
publication date: 2021-04-30
doi: 10.15392/bjrs.v9i1A.1570

Fabrication and Dosimetric Evaluation of a 3D-Printed Multichannel Cylindrical Applicator Prototype for HDR Gynecological Brachytherapy
type: item
description: High dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy is widely used in the treatment of gynecological cancers, but the availability of multichannel applicators remains limited in many radiotherapy centers. 3D printing has emerged as a viable alternative for manufacturing customized devices, allowing for optimized dose distribution and reduced exposure to organs at risk. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a 3D-printed multichannel cylindrical applicator for gynecological brachytherapy. The printing material was selected based on its physical properties, followed by an analysis of Hounsfield Units (HU) for different infill percentages and printing patterns. The applicator was printed using polylactic acid (PLA), and different physical and imaging tests were performed. The dose distributions obtained with the 3D-printed multichannel applicator and a single-channel were compared, with focus on target coverage and organ-at-risk exposure. Dosimetric evaluation was performed using Gafchromic® EBT4 film. The results show that the multichannel applicator enabled better dose conformity, reducing rectal exposure compared to the single-channel applicator while maintaining target coverage. Gamma analysis confirmed the accuracy of the calculated dose distribution. 3D printing seems to be a viable alternative to produce customized applicators, potentially expanding therapeutic options in gynecological brachytherapy, however, future studies should investigate the biocompatibility of the material and the clinical feasibility of the applicator.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brachytherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: 3D printing
  topic: keywords
subject: dosimetry
  topic: keywords
subject: multichannel cylindrical applicator
  topic: keywords
subject: Brachytherapy
  topic: subjects
subject: 3D printing
  topic: subjects
subject: Dosimetry
  topic: subjects
subject: multichannel cylindrical applicator
  topic: subjects
creator: Patrícia Vieira Guimarães
creator: Saulo Santos Fortes
creator: Delano Valdivino Santos Batista
creator: Rechele Grazziotin Reisner
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Patrícia Vieira Guimarães, Saulo Santos Fortes, Delano Valdivino Santos Batista, Rechele Grazziotin Reisner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-07
publication date: 2025-11-07
starting page: e2889
ending page: e2889
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2889

The Brazilian panorama for the calibration of Y-90 microspheres
type: item
description: The combination therapy approaches are gaining popularity, particularly the radiopharmaceutical therapy with external radiotherapy, immunotherapy or both. Radioembolization using Yttrium-90 Microspheres, SIR-Spheres and TheraSphere, has been used clinically in the treatment of locally advanced and unresectable Hepatic Carcinomas. According to the literature, the standardization of microspheres is not yet well established. In view of the practice of 90Y in therapies in Brazil, it is essential to develop solid standards for its measurement, in order to verify the absorbed radiation dose and its administration to the patient. This paper proposes a study of the existing standardization infrastructure for 90Y microspheres through a literature review and analysis of the measuring instruments available at the National Laboratory for Ionizing Radiation Metrology, a general analysis was made of the spectrometry and calibration methods available in Brazil, specifically at LNMRI, evaluating those suitable for use in the standardization of Yttrium microspheres. The results showed that in the period between 2000 and 2024 90Y was widely cited in treatment by radioembolization with microspheres, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the activity quantity in PET/CT scans and its metrological characterization involving proficiency tests, study of impurities, standardization by primary and secondary methods
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The Meeting on Nuclear Applications (ENAN)
  topic: category
subject: Y-90 microspheres
  topic: keywords
subject: Radioembolization
  topic: keywords
subject: Standardization
  topic: keywords
subject: Y-90 microspheres, Radioembolization, Standardization.
  topic: subjects
creator: Thamyra Cybelle Vieira dos Santos
creator: Dayana Azeredo da Conceição
creator: José Ubiratan Delgado
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Thamyra Cybelle Vieira dos Santos, Ms Dayana Azeredo da Conceição, Dr José Ubiratan Delgado https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-03
publication date: 2025-11-03
starting page: e2699
ending page: e2699
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2024.2699

Automated dose-effect calibration curve for X-rays using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay
type: item
description: This article shows the development of a dose–effect calibration curve for X-ray exposures ranging from 0 to 4 Gy using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay and automated analysis—the first effort of its kind reported in Latin America. This work establishes a regional benchmark for high-throughput methodologies in cytogenetic biodosimetry, highlighting their potential to improve operational efficiency and reduce response times in radiological emergencies. Methods: Blood samples from six healthy donors were irradiated with X-rays at seven dose levels (0–4 Gy) using a calibrated 6 MV linear accelerator. Two blind samples (1.5 and 3 Gy) were included for validation. The CBMN assay was performed following IAEA protocols, DAPI-stained slides were analyzed using a AxioImager.Z2 automated microscope integrated with MetaSystems Metafer4 and the MNScoreX classifier software. A negative binomial regression model (NB1) was used for model fitting, accounting for overdispersion in micronucleus (MN) frequency. Results: Automated scoring of binucleated lymphocytes showed a dose-dependent increase in MN frequency. The fitted model followed a linear–quadratic relationship: Y = 0.0545 + 0.0448·D + 0.0145·D², with all coefficients statistically significant (p < 0.001). Dose estimates for blinded samples (1.5 and 3 Gy) matched the true doses within 95% confidence intervals, with all z-scores < |3|. Conclusions: The resulting linear–quadratic dose–response curve enabled accurate estimation of blinded sample doses, with all z-scores falling within acceptable fitness-for-purpose thresholds. These results underscore the value of combining automated microscopy with robust statistical modeling to achieve reliable dose assessment, particularly in high-throughput settings and radiological emergency scenarios.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: biodosimetry
  topic: keywords
subject: automation
  topic: keywords
subject: micronucleus assay
  topic: keywords
subject: radiation protection
  topic: keywords
subject: radiation biology
  topic: keywords
subject: biodosimetry
  topic: subjects
subject: automation
  topic: subjects
subject: micronucleus assay
  topic: subjects
subject: radiation protection
  topic: subjects
subject: radiation biolo
  topic: subjects
creator: Fabio Andrés Chaves-Campos
creator: Fernando Ortíz-Morales
creator: Anthony Cordero-Ramírez
creator: Julián Alonso Gómez-Castro
creator: Jorge Ernesto González-Mesa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fabio Andrés Chaves-Campos, Fernando Ortíz-Morales, Anthony Cordero-Ramírez, Julián Alonso Gómez-Castro, Jorge Ernesto González-Mesa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: e2908
ending page: e2908
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2908

The EDXRF Analysis to Monitor Iron Deficiency Anemia
type: item
description: Iron Deficiency Anemia is a significant global issue, particularly affecting pregnant women and young children. Traditional methods of diagnosing iron-deficiency anemia generally require extensive and costly laboratory procedures. This study explores the feasibility of using portable Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technology for assessing iron concentration in whole blood samples from donors diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. The results indicated a marked decrease in iron levels in the blood samples from patients with anemia compared to the control group. The EDXRF technique demonstrated several advantages, including simplicity in sample collection, rapid measurement time, and low cost. This method is particularly promising for use in situations where biological material is limited, such as in pediatric practices for newborns. The study concludes that portable EDXRF technology is an effective and efficient tool for diagnosing iron deficiency anemia, potentially improving diagnostic accessibility and outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The Meeting on Nuclear Applications (ENAN)
  topic: category
subject: Whole Blood
  topic: keywords
subject: Iron Deficiency Anemia
  topic: keywords
subject: EDXRF
  topic: keywords
subject: Iron concentration
  topic: keywords
subject: Iron Deficiency Anemia
  topic: subjects
subject: EDXRF
  topic: subjects
subject: Whole Blood
  topic: subjects
subject: Iron Concentration
  topic: subjects
subject: Portable Diagnostic Tools
  topic: subjects
subject: Anemia Monitoring
  topic: subjects
creator: Maria Paula de Oliveira Goes
creator: Cibele Bugno Zamboni
creator: Maria Gabriela Miquelino Benedito
creator: Maria Regina Andrade Azevedo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Paula de Oliveira Goes, Cibele Bugno Zamboni, Maria Gabriela Miquelino Benedito, Maria Regina Andrade Azevedo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: e2671
ending page: e2671
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2024.2671

Determination of the total retention capacity of 99Mo in anionic extracting agent
type: item
description: The Nuclear Metrology Laboratory (LMN) at IPEN-CNEN/SP is developing a research project aimed at studying analytical techniques for determining radioactive impurities, emitting alpha and beta particles. This project started with the determination of impurities present in 99Mo, which is used to obtain the radiopharmaceutical 99mTc by means of radiochemical separation in the 99Mo/99mTc generator. The study of the anionic extracting agent Strata X-A widely used in quality analysis, was realized by means a breakthrough curve in order to validate its total exchange capacity for Mo. The breaking point was determined at (2.75 +/- 0.14) mL, showing that just one 0.5 g Strata X-A cartridge is sufficient to retain 1.0 mL of a (Na2MoO4+ 99Mo) solution in concentration of 2.42 g L- 1.
subject: INAC/ENAN 2024
  topic: section
subject: The Meeting on Nuclear Applications (ENAN)
  topic: category
subject: : 99Mo
  topic: keywords
subject: anionic extracting agent
  topic: keywords
subject: breakthrough curve
  topic: keywords
creator: Ione Makiko Yamazaki
creator: Denise Simoes Moreira
creator: Mauro da Silva Dias
creator: José Antonio Seneda
creator: Marina Fallone Koskinas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ione Makiko Yamazaki, Denise Simoes Moreira, Mauro da Silva Dias, José Antonio Seneda, Marina Fallone Koskinas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2024.2657

Monte Carlo simulation of a 6 MV Varian Trilogy clinical linear accelerator using Geant4 for small-field dosimetry analysis
type: item
description: In recent decades, radiotherapy has advanced significantly due to the emergence of advanced clinical linear accelerators, enabling safer and faster treatments with reduced side effects. In this study, we present a Monte Carlo simulation of a 6 MV Varian Trilogy clinical linear accelerator using the Geant4 toolkit to analyze dosimetric parameters, with a focus on small photon fields. The simulation models phase-space files generated at key beam-modification stages. Validation was performed by comparing simulated depth dose curves (PDD) and dose profiles with experimental measurements for the 6 MV photon beam, employing the gamma index (3%/3 mm criteria) to quantify the degree of agreement in the PDDs. The results agreed within a 2% difference, with over 95% of points passing the gamma analysis for a 10 x 10 cm² field. The developed framework allows for the calculation of correction factors for small-field dosimetry, addressing challenges such as lateral electronic disequilibrium in high-energy 6 MV beams, and comparing them with established values in the literature. These capabilities are particularly important for measurements of small fields used in advanced radiotherapy techniques, including Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT), where high precision in dose deposition is essential. Overall, this work establishes a robust and flexible Geant4-based platform for simulating clinical linear accelerators, contributing to the development of more accurate dosimetric protocols for high-energy photon therapy in small fields. Preliminary observations suggest notable output factor discrepancies in small photon fields (<3x3 cm2), indicating the potential need for detector-specific correction factors. Ongoing analysis aims to confirm these trends.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Monte Carlo simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Geant4
  topic: keywords
subject: Varian Trilogy
  topic: keywords
subject: small field dosi
  topic: keywords
subject: gamma index
  topic: keywords
subject: radiotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: Monte Carlo simulation
  topic: subjects
subject: Geant4
  topic: subjects
creator: Andre Luis de Carvalho Ribeiro
creator: Alex Cristóvão Holanda de Oliveira
creator: Leonardo Peres da Silva
creator: Eduardo De Paiva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Andre Luiz de Carvalho Ribeiro, Alex Cristóvão Holanda de Oliveira, Leonardo Peres da Silva, Eduardo De Paiva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-17
publication date: 2025-10-17
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2958

Evaluation of Nuclear Material Balance by Statistical Analysis of the Material Unaccounted For (MUF)
type: item
description: Evaluating the nuclear material balance is an essential tool that can be used to assess the validity of the operator’s declarations of existing quantities of nuclear material from a facility, with an effect on safeguards agreements, where applicable. In summary, evaluating the nuclear material balance and associated safeguards activities enables the national regulatory authority to identify variations that may indicate deviations. A specific strategy used to detect potential deviations from assessing the material balance is known as "diversion into MUF", where MUF refers to the parameter Material Unaccounted For. It represents the difference between the book inventory and the ending physical inventory at the end of the material balance period. This evaluation is conducted through statistical analysis of the standard deviation of the MUF (σMUF) parameter, using an anonymous Brazilian facility as a case study. The ultimate goal is to implement this analysis within Brazil's control and accounting system, known as e-Gamma. This will enable the system to automatically perform such analyses for all facilities nationwide during each accounting period. This statistical study can be a powerful predictor of diversion, utilizing the σMUF parameter as a valuable resource. It is possible to suggest implementing this evaluation in control and accounting systems to increase efficiency in identifying and resolving discrepancies and anomalies, which is of fundamental importance in improving the reliability of a control system within the national scenario. Considering the international scenario, a country that increases its capacity to verify the accounting of nuclear material under its custody will tend to occupy a position of autonomy among its peers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: nuclear material balance
  topic: keywords
subject: safeguards
  topic: keywords
subject: diversion of nuclear material
  topic: keywords
subject: material unaccounted for (MUF)
  topic: keywords
creator: Larissa Rocha Pitta Xavier
creator: Luiz Antônio Mello
creator: José Carlos C. Amorim
creator: Jakler Nichele
creator: Edson Ramos Andrade
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Larissa R. P. Xavier, Luiz Antônio Mello, José Carlos C. Amorim, Jakler Nichele, Edson Ramos Andrade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-24
publication date: 2025-10-24
starting page: e2963
ending page: e2963
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2963

Radionuclides Leaching Assessment and External Exposure on Building Materials Containing NORM Residue
type: item
description: Brazil’s titanium dioxide production generates approximately 30,000 tons of waste annually, known as unreacted ore waste (UOW), which is currently disposed of in industrial landfills. This residue is enriched with naturally occurring radionuclides from the uranium and thorium decay series and is classified as Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM). The reuse of NORM residues in building materials is only permissible if the activity concentrations of radionuclides in the final product do not pose any additional exposure risk to individuals. Radiation exposure from such materials may be classified as external—due to direct gamma irradiation—or internal—resulting from inhalation of radon (222Rn) and its short-lived decay products. In a previous study, the authors assessed both internal and external indoor exposure associated with incorporating up to 23% of UOW into cement and interlocking blocks. This study evaluates the feasibility of using these materials in outdoor applications, with particular emphasis on radionuclide leaching potential and external radiological exposure. Cement and interlocking blocks containing varying proportions of unreacted ore waste (0%, 3.5%, and 23%) were subjected to weathering for 60 days. The activity concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, 210Pb, 232Th, 228Ra, and 40K in the leachate were measured using gamma spectrometry and spectrophotometry. No significant increase in radionuclide concentrations were observed in the leachate from blocks containing 3.5% and 23% UOW compared to those without any residue. Gamma radiation exposure remained consistently below 0.1 mSv, and no notable changes were detected in radon concentrations in the vicinity of the experiment. The results indicate that incorporating up to 23% UOW in cement and interlocking blocks is safe and compliant with regulatory limits related to groundwater contamination and human exposure when using these materials in an open air environment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Radionuclide leaching
  topic: keywords
subject: construction materials
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: circular economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Safe reuse of NORM residue
  topic: keywords
subject: Safe reuse of NORM residue
  topic: subjects
subject: construction materials
  topic: subjects
subject: radionuclide leaching
  topic: subjects
subject: sustainability, circular economy
  topic: subjects
creator: Barbara Paci Mazzilli
creator: Fenanda Yuri Muta
creator: Lara Vitória Santos Couto
creator: Antonio Luis Silva Costa
creator: Vilmar Pedreira Oliveira
creator: André Luis Batista Cabral
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Barbara Paci Mazzilli, Fenanda Yuri Muta, Lara Vitória Santos Couto, Antonio Luis Silva Costa, Vilmar Pedreira Oliveira, André Luis Batista Cabral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-10
publication date: 2025-10-10
starting page: e2942
ending page: e2942
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2942

Development of a semi-analytical nodal methodology for one-dimensional eigenvalue problems based on multigroup neutron transport theory using the discrete ordinate formulation
type: item
description: A semi-analytical nodal methodology is described in this paper for obtaining the numerical solution of eigenvalue problems based on neutron transport theory, in slab geometry, with isotropic scattering, using the discrete ordinates and multigroup energy formulation. This new approach applies a quadratic polynomial approximation only to the fission term in the transport equation, which justifies the method being classified as semi-analytical. The numerical solution is obtained through two interconnected iterative processes: the outer iterative process, which uses the power method to obtain successive estimates for the fission source and the effective multiplication factor (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>k</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>eff</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> ), and the internal iterative process, which aims to obtain successive estimates of the angular neutron fluxes emerging from the homogeneous regions throughout the spatial domain. Once the eigenvalues are calculated, for each outer power iteration, the angular fluxes of neutrons emerging at the node faces and in the sweeping direction of the internal iterative process are estimated. These are incoming fluxes at the faces of adjacent nodes, which ensures the continuity of the numerical solution. Computational algorithms were implemented in MATLAB. Numerical results for a typical benchmark problem considering an ADS, c.f., Accelerator-Driven Subcritical Reactor, type model are provided to …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Physics and Thermal Hydraulics (ENFIR)
  topic: category
subject: National Week of Nuclear and Energy Engineering and Radiation Sciences (SENCIR)
  topic: category
subject: Neutron transport equation
  topic: keywords
subject: Multigroup energy formulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Nodal methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: Quadratic approximation
  topic: keywords
subject: Neutron transport equation, Multigroup energy formulation, Nodal methodology
  topic: subjects
creator: Natália Rocha Pinheiro
creator: Francisco Bruno Souza Oliveira
creator: Hermes Alves Filho
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Natália Rocha Pinheiro, Francisco Bruno Souza Oliveira, Hermes Alves Filho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-03
publication date: 2025-10-03
starting page: e2940
ending page: e2940
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2940

Ginkgo biloba Extract: A Preliminary Study on Its Radiomitigative Potential Using the Conventional Dicentric Chromosome Assay
type: item
description: Radioprotectors and radiomitigators can be substances of natural or synthetic origin that, once administered to the human body, are capable of preventing, protecting against, or reducing damage caused by radiation. This study aimed to assess the radiomitigating potential of Ginkgo biloba extract by examining the frequency of dicentric chromosomes in irradiated human lymphocytes. Blood samples were obtained from a healthy volunteer. One sample was left in the laboratory as a control, and the others were irradiated in a 60Co source at a dose of 2 Gy and incubated in test concentrations of Ginkgo biloba extract (0.025 and 0.05 μg/ml) according to a standard protocol. Complete metaphases were analyzed, and the frequencies of alterations were statistically evaluated to verify the radiomitigating potential of Ginkgo biloba extract. The ANOVA and Tukey tests revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups treated and untreated with Ginkgo biloba exposed to 2 Gy of radiation (p < 0.05), indicating that both concentrations tested were able to reduce the damage. In this in vitro study, Ginkgo biloba extract was able to reduce the frequency of dicentric chromosomes in irradiated human lymphocytes, with a concentration of 0.025 μg/ml standing out.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Joint Conference Radio (RADIO)
  topic: category
subject: Ginkgo biloba
  topic: keywords
subject: Ionizing radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: cytogenetic dosimetry
  topic: keywords
subject: dicentric
  topic: keywords
subject: Radiobiology
  topic: subjects
subject: Cytogenetics
  topic: subjects
subject: Biological Dosimetry
  topic: subjects
creator: Julio Cesar Gomes da Silva
creator: CAIO C. V. B. G
creator: MENDES M. E.
creator: LOPES I. M. S. S.
creator: MELO A. M. M. A
creator: LIMA F. F.
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Julio Cesar Gomes da Silva, CAIO C. V. B. G, MENDES M. E., LOPES I. M. S. S., MELO A. M. M. A, LIMA F. F. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: e2910
ending page: e2910
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2910

Optimization of Flight Parameters for Gamma Radiation Detection and Mapping Using Drones
type: item
description: The application of drones in radiometric surveys has emerged as a promising solution, particularly for mapping radiation in areas that are difficult to access. This approach enables the creation of detailed distribution maps. However, the accuracy of the results is strongly influenced by the chosen flight strategy. This study explores how different flight parameters, such as speed and grid spacing, impact the quality of gamma radiation mapping, aiming to optimize the trade-off between measurement precision and operational efficiency, such as flight time and mapping coverage. To achieve this, two experimental flights were conducted using a drone equipped with a Geiger-Müller detector, with a Cs-137 source serving as a reference. The methodology involved continuous radiation measurements during flight, with data collected at predetermined points arranged in a structured grid, via GPS coordinates. This setup facilitated the development of a three-dimensional representation of the gamma dose distribution. By comparing the results of both flights, each configured with distinct operational settings, it was possible to evaluate the impact of flight parameters on the effectiveness of radiometric detection of dose rate distribution using drones. The results suggest that dose rate mapping tends to achieve higher resolution when lower flight speeds are adopted and when data collection points are more densely distributed across the surveyed area.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Drone-Based Mapping
  topic: keywords
subject: Gamma Radiation Detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Flight Parameters Optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: Drone
  topic: subjects
subject: Mapping
  topic: subjects
subject: Optimization
  topic: subjects
creator: Felipe Mamed
creator: Alessandra Vaz
creator: Ary Machado
creator: Jonathan Oliveira
creator: Leandro Silva
creator: Paulo Barreto
creator: Paulo Iack
creator: Paulo Silveira
creator: Rodrigo Curzio
creator: Rodrigo Souza
creator: Wallace Vallory
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Felipe Mamed, Alessandra Vaz, Ary Machado, Jonathan Oliveira, Leandro Silva, Paulo Barreto, Paulo Iack, Paulo Silveira, Rodrigo Curzio, Rodrigo Souza, Wallace Vallory https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-26
publication date: 2025-09-26
starting page: e2897
ending page: e2897
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2897

Image quality and dose reduction in cardiac interventional procedures: application of an optimization strategy with typical dose value analysis
type: item
description: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of dose‑optimization strategies on radiation exposure during cardiac catheterization and angioplasty procedures. The investigation was carried out at a high‑complexity referral center using retrospective data, clinical‑protocol adjustments, and image‑quality assessments with dedicated simulators. Implemented measures included reducing the cine dose per frame and enabling post‑processing filters, resulting in reductions of up to 39 % in reference‑point kerma and 25 % in noise intensity under low‑dose conditions. In total, 714 procedures performed over five semesters were analyzed. Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) were determined and compared with data from national and international literature. A statistically significant reduction in DAP (16.3 %) and Kₐ,r (12.8 %) was observed for catheterization procedures (p < 0.05). Although angioplasty procedures showed a similar trend, case variability limited statistical significance. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of technical interventions and continuous monitoring in lowering exposure levels, without compromising diagnostic image quality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Joint Conference Radio (RADIO)
  topic: category
subject: Brazilian Congress on Metrology of Ionizing Radiation (CBMRI)
  topic: category
subject: International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA)
  topic: category
subject: II Simpósio Internacional sobre Protección Radiologica, Cusco (SIPR)
  topic: category
subject: IX Congresso de Proteção Contra Radiações da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (PCR-CPLP)
  topic: category
subject: reference level
  topic: keywords
subject: digital fluoroscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: Interventional Radiology
  topic: subjects
subject: Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs)
  topic: subjects
subject: Radiation Protection
  topic: subjects
subject: Optimization
  topic: subjects
creator: Murilo Felisberto Morais de Assunção
creator: Jonas Oliveira da Silva
creator: Guilherme Custódio Cândido Silva
creator: Emerson Nobuyuki Itikawa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Murilo Felisberto Morais de Assunção, Emerson Nobuyuki Itikawa, Jonas Oliveira da Silva, Guilherme Custódio Cândido Silva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-25
publication date: 2025-09-25
starting page: 2943
ending page: 2943
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2943

In vivo monitoring in radiological or nuclear emergencies: a program for intercomparison of detection efficiency in NaI(Tl) portable detectors
type: item
description: In vivo internal monitoring is a laboratory technique used to assess and quantify the incorporation of radionuclides in the human body. Demand for such services may increase significantly in a radiological or nuclear emergency. In addition to dedicated laboratories, researchers have proposed the calibration of portable gamma radiation detectors to carry out a rapid screening of exposed individuals and assess internal dosimetry. Several international intercomparison exercises have been conducted to evaluate the performance of detectors specifically designed for internal monitoring, including, more recently, NaI(Tl) portable detectors. However, these experimental intercomparison exercises have included the transport of radioactive sources between participating institutions. The aim of this study is to propose a simple methodology for determining a reference value for the NaI(Tl) detector efficiency at 662 keV (137Cs), supporting future exercise efforts. This work employed NaI(Tl) scintillator detectors and a torso phantom. It was possible to determine an optimized measurement geometry through simulation using the MCNPX mathematical code, especially regarding the distances, and to estimate efficiency values with defined acceptance intervals for the proposed intercomparison exercise. However, additional experiments are needed to define these intervals more precisely. Complementarily, the minimum detectable effective doses were approximately 60 µSv and 38 µSv for the NaI(Tl) 2’’×2’’ and 3’’×1.5’’ detectors, respectively.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: internal dosimetry
  topic: keywords
subject: intercomparison exercises
  topic: keywords
subject: portable detector efficiencies
  topic: keywords
subject: internal dosimetry
  topic: subjects
subject: intercomparison exercises
  topic: subjects
subject: portable detector efficiencies
  topic: subjects
creator: Alexandre Barbosa Soares
creator: José Ubiratan Delgado
creator: Alfredo Lopes Ferreira Filho
creator: Gabriel Flintz Fraga Marques
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MSc. Alexandre Barbosa Soares, Dr. José Ubiratan Delgado, Dr. Alfredo Lopes Ferreira Filho, Gabriel Flintz Fraga Marques https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-19
publication date: 2025-09-19
starting page: e2895
ending page: e2895
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2895

Legislation and Regulations Regarding the Use of Ionizing Radiation in Phytotherapeutics in Brazil: A Documentary Analysis
type: item
description: This study aimed to conduct a documentary analysis of federal legislation and regulations in Brazil regarding the irradiation of phytotherapeutic products. The research was carried out between April and June 2024 through a review of official documents, including regulations, resolutions, constitutional amendments, and decrees published between 1983 and 2018. Although the analysis revealed the existence of specific norms and resolutions related to food irradiation, no direct regulation concerning the use of ionizing radiation in phytotherapeutics was identified in Brazil. National legislation addresses the use of ionizing radiation in food, particularly for radio-sterilization, with emphasis on RDC No. 21/2001, which may be indirectly applicable to medicinal plants. Normative Instruction No. 44/2014 provides the most relevant guidelines regarding the application of ionizing radiation in pharmaceuticals. In contrast, international legislation—such as that from the FDA (USA) and FSSAI (India)—explicitly regulates the radio-sterilization of medicinal herbs and plants. The documentary analysis highlights the need for the expansion, regulation, and harmonization of Brazilian standards and protocols to ensure the safe application of ionizing radiation in phytotherapeutics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Joint Conference Radio (RADIO)
  topic: category
subject: Ionizing radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: ANVISA
  topic: keywords
subject: Phytotherapeutics
  topic: keywords
subject: Ionizing radiation
  topic: subjects
subject: Regulation
  topic: subjects
subject: ANVISA
  topic: subjects
subject: Phytotherapeutics
  topic: subjects
creator: Ewerton Clementino Diniz
creator: Luiz Da Silva Maia Neto
creator: Mário Mardone Da Silva
creator: Ademir de Jesus Amaral
creator: Simey De Souza Leão Pereira Magnata
creator: Liderlânio De Almeida Araújo
creator: André Maciel Netto
creator: Edvane Borges da Silva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Diniz, E. C., Neto, L. S. M., Silva, M. M., Amaral, A., Magnata, S. S. L. P., Araújo, L. A,, Netto, A. M., Silva, E. B. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-17
publication date: 2025-09-17
starting page: e2907
ending page: e2907
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2907

Use of Lymphoscintigraphy Images in Nuclear Medicine to Obtain the Distribution of 99mTc Photons in Computational Exposure Models
type: item
description: This study aims to create a source catalog for Lower Limb Lymphoscintigraphy (LLL) examinations in Nuclear Medicine, using real lymphoscintigraphy images from adult male patients. The DIP (Digital Image Processing) software, developed by the Research Group on Computational Dosimetry and Embedded Systems (GPDC&SE), was used to adjust the anteroposterior (AP) and posteroanterior (PA) medical images to the frontal section of the anthropomorphic phantom MASH_sup (Male Adult meSH in supine position). The images were summed line by line, generating a .SGI file, which was processed by the Monte Carlo software to produce the source catalog stored in the file MSUPLC_TC99m.txt. This file contains information for each slice, including the slice number, the area of the source points, and the value of the associated cumulative distribution function (CDF). As a result, a catalog based on real clinical data was successfully generated, which enables the replacement of generic internal sources in the Computational Exposure Models of the GPDC&SE. This makes it possible to simulate LLL examinations more realistically. In the future, this methodology may be extended to female patients, different phantoms, and other scintigraphic procedures. This work represents an advancement in computational dosimetry and personalized nuclear medicine, as it enables simulations that more accurately reflect patient-specific anatomical and physiological characteristics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Joint Conference Radio (RADIO)
  topic: category
subject: Nuclear Medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Lymphoscintigraphy
  topic: keywords
subject: Image Processing
  topic: keywords
subject: Computer-Assisted
  topic: keywords
subject: Computer Simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Medicina Nuclear
  topic: subjects
subject: Linfocintilografia
  topic: subjects
subject: Modelo Computacional de Exposição
  topic: subjects
subject: Modelagem de Fontes
  topic: subjects
subject: Fantomas
  topic: subjects
subject: Fantomas Antropomórficos
  topic: subjects
subject: Fantomas Baseados em Imagens
  topic: subjects
subject: Simulação Computacional
  topic: subjects
subject: EGSnrc
  topic: subjects
subject: Monte Carlo
  topic: subjects
subject: Simulação Monte Carlo
  topic: subjects
subject: Distribuição Radioativa
  topic: subjects
creator: Jorge Alexandre Gomes Lins
creator: José Wilson Vieira
creator: Fernando Roberto de Andrade Lima
creator: Whoody Alem Wanderley Araripe Farias
creator: Victor Hugo Farias Ferreira da Silva
creator: João Mário da Silva
creator: Ferdinand de Jesus Lopes Filho
creator: Jefferson Melo Gonçalves Pena
creator: Larissa Cristina Silva dos Santos
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jorge Alexandre Gomes Lins, José Wilson Vieira, Fernando Roberto de Andrade Lima, Whoody Alem Wanderley Araripe Farias , Victor Hugo Farias Ferreira da Silva; João Mário da Silva; Ferdinand de Jesus Lopes Filho, Jefferson Melo Gonçalves Pena, Larissa Cristina Silva dos Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-15
publication date: 2025-09-15
starting page: e2909
ending page: e2909
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2909

Detection of Cosmic Radiation at Low Doses: Integrative Review of Biodosimetric Methodologies with Proposition of Aerospace Evaluation Index
type: item
description: Galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) is the major risk in long-duration spaceflight when considering biological damage. Hence, monitoring the absorbed dose is required and biodosimetry will be considered an important tool especially in scenarios where physical dosimetry does not work. This integrative review tries to find, analyze, and compare different biodosimetric techniques capable of recording low doses of ionizing radiation (≤ 0.1 Gy) under simulation of spatial environments with respect to their operational applicability. The Aerospace Biodosimetric Performance Index is introduced to integrate the main parameters of the analysis. All results came from original articles in English available in open access published between 2019 and 2024 according to a PRISMA 2020 flowchart found in Scopus and PubMed databases and only eight studies were considered eligible for inclusion after performing a primary screening using Rayyan app. The major biodosimetric approaches recognized in the investigation are cytogenetic, molecular, and metabolic. The analysis time in the methodologies was between 2 and 70 hours, sample viability from 1 day to 2 years, and sensitivity as low as 0.05 Gy for the minimum detectable dose in some methods. The Yeast Metabolic Assay showed good applicability by combining high sensitivity with quick analysis and long viability. However, an absence of studies combining space radiation with microgravity constituted a major drawback. While many methodologies show detection capabilities at very low dose levels, few of them meet both the technical and operational requirements when considered together for prolonged space missions, hence a development challenge for hybridized yet more robust methods.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: space biodosimetry
  topic: keywords
subject: cosmic radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: biodosimetric index
  topic: keywords
subject: space biodosimetry
  topic: subjects
subject: cosmic radiation
  topic: subjects
subject: biodosimetric index
  topic: subjects
creator: Paulo Sérgio de Abreu Junior
creator: Ricardo Felipe Soares
creator: Thaís Soares Costa
creator: Felipe L. Frigi
creator: Liana Kalczuk
creator: Priscila Correia Fernandes
creator: Claudio Antonio Federico
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paulo Sérgio de Abreu Junior, Ricardo Felipe Soares, Thaís Soares Costa, Felipe L. Frigi, Liana Kalczuk, Priscila Correia Fernandes, Claudio Antonio Federico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-12
publication date: 2025-09-12
starting page: e2934
ending page: e2934
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2934

Understanding and enhancing nuclear safety culture in nuclear power plants through a quantitative system dynamics model
type: item
description: This study presents a quantitative system dynamics model developed to understand and enhance nuclear safety culture and operational performance in nuclear power plants. The model employs causal loop diagrams and stock-and-flow diagrams, created using Vensim PLE+ software, to capture and simulate the complex interactions that define safety culture dynamics. Recognizing the fundamental role of organizational culture in maintaining nuclear safety, the model incorporates key elements such as leadership, risk perception, continuous improvement, internal communication, and the commitment of management and personnel. Through an extensive literature review and expert consultations, the research integrates critical variables into the model, grounded in frameworks from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO). Simulating a decade of safety culture management dynamics, the model reveals the impact of management strategies, demonstrating the effectiveness of continuous improvement initiatives and proactive leadership in enhancing safety outcomes. Stress tests conducted under extreme scenarios validated the model's robustness, reaffirming its applicability in safeguarding safety culture under intensified production pressures. The findings provide actionable insights for nuclear safety professionals and decision-makers, promoting environments that support safety-focused practices. This model serves as a comprehensive tool to advance safety culture in nuclear operations, offering valuable perspectives for both theoretical discourse and practical nuclear safety management.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: nuclear safety
  topic: keywords
subject: safety culture
  topic: keywords
subject: safety management
  topic: keywords
subject: nuclear power plants
  topic: keywords
subject: quantitative model
  topic: keywords
subject: causal loop diagram and stock-and-flow diagrams
  topic: keywords
subject: VENSIM PLE+ software
  topic: keywords
subject: safety culture
  topic: subjects
subject: safety management
  topic: subjects
subject: system dynamics
  topic: subjects
subject: nuclear power plant
  topic: subjects
creator: Santiago Gregorio Acuña
creator: Marcelo Oscár Gim´enez
creator: Mariela Grinberg
creator: Ochuko Felix Orikpete
creator: Warren Farr
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Santiago Gregorio Acuña, Marcelo Oscár Gim´enez, Mariela Grinberg, Ochuko Felix Orikpete, Warren Farr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-07
publication date: 2025-03-07
starting page: e2819
ending page: e2819
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2819

Tissue Reactions (Deterministic Effects) in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology: An Integrative Review of Recent Literature
type: item
description: Ninety-eight percent of the global average individual dose delivered by artificial sources of ionizing radiation results from their use in medical applications, especially for diagnostic and interventional purposes. Although the benefits of radiation in medicine are widely recognized, exposure to this agent can cause harmful effects on the health of exposed individuals. Radiation applications for diagnostic purposes are generally associated with low doses, but interventional procedures may involve much higher doses. In the 2000s and 2010s, several publications described tissue reactions in patients and professionals exposed during interventional radiological procedures. This work aimed to review the literature on the most recent reports (last decade) on the occurrence of tissue reactions after diagnostic or interventional radiological procedures. The PubMed search tool was used to search and select publications on the topic. Although 826 articles were initially selected, only 5 presented relevant content for this review. The low number of articles in the final selection may be a result of the methodology we used or an actual reduction in the number of individuals presenting these effects in more recent years, due to the growing concerns about radiological protection in these practices. Among the articles analyzed, there were reports of skin lesions, as well as thinning or hair loss in patients exposed to doses (cumulative air kerma at the reference point) above 3.5 Gy. However, these reactions are rare and do not appear in most patients, even among those who received higher doses. An increased frequency of lens opacities (cataracts) has also been reported in occupationally exposed professionals. An adequate assessment of the occurrence of these effects is essential to try to understand their causes and minimize the frequency or consequences of their occurrence. Carrying out research like this can help with this task.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: tissue reaction
  topic: keywords
subject: deterministic effects
  topic: keywords
subject: ionizing radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: tissue reaction
  topic: subjects
subject: interventional radiology
  topic: subjects
subject: deterministic effects
  topic: subjects
creator: Laisa Neves
creator: Lucía Canevaro Lucía Viviana Canevaro
creator: Ana Dovales Ana Cristina Murta Dovales
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Laisa Neves, Lucía Canevaro Lucía Viviana Canevaro, Ana Dovales Ana Cristina Murta Dovales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-09
publication date: 2025-05-09
starting page: e2802
ending page: e2802
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2802

Reality of radiological examinations with patients with physical limitations
type: item
description: This article discusses the problems faced in daily hospital and clinical practice in Brazil, where there are no examination protocols or bibliographies that professionals can use as a basis for performing radiological examinations on patients with movement limitations and clinical conditions, such as paraplegia and tetraplegia. The objective of this study was to develop a booklet of adaptations of radiological positions for patients with reduced mobility. This material can improve and optimize the services provided in the area, offering greater radiological safety to both the professional and the patient during the examinations. The methodology used involved national bibliographic reviews, technical visits and hospital monitoring, as well as discussions with professionals specialized in the area of ​​radiology, in order to consolidate a more concrete and specific basis for the studied content. Based on these data, it was possible to formalize a simplified booklet, in Portuguese and English versions, accessed through specific QR Codes. The booklet includes some adaptations of radiological examination positions for patients with physical limitations or reduced mobility. The booklet contains a didactic structure for quick consultation to better guide the professional regarding the performance of the examinations. It contains a cover, a presentation, a summary, an introduction, a summary of conventional exams, the adaptation of exams, the conclusion and finally the references. The conclusion of the study emphasizes the importance of expanding research aimed at adapting radiological exams for patients with physical limitations or reduced mobility. These adaptations aim not only at the well-being of the patient, but also at the health, radiological protection and ergonomic safety of professionals, avoiding injuries during the conduct of the exam or its repetition. It is hoped that this material can provide a more humanized environment for both patients and professionals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: II Simpósio Internacional sobre Protección Radiologica, Cusco (SIPR)
  topic: category
subject: IX Congresso de Proteção Contra Radiações da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (PCR-CPLP)
  topic: category
subject: Adaptations of radiological exams for patients with reduced mobility
  topic: keywords
subject: Conventional radiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Patients with physical limitations
  topic: keywords
subject: Booklet for patients with physical limitations
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptações de exames radiológicos para pacientes com mobilidade reduzida
  topic: subjects
subject: Adaptations des examens radiologiques pour les patients à mobilité réduite
  topic: subjects
subject: Adaptaciones de las exploraciones radiológicas para pacientes con movilidad reducida
  topic: subjects
subject: Adaptations of radiological examinations for patients with reduced mobility
  topic: subjects
creator: Roberta Aumann
creator: Katia Elisa Prus Pinho
creator: Rita Zanlorensi Visneck Costa
creator: Joao Henrique Hamann
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dra. Kátia Elisa Prus Pinho , Dra. Rita Zanlorensi Visneck Costa , Roberta Aumann, Dr. João Henrique Hamann https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: e2824
ending page: e2824
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2824

Common onion extract (Allium cepa): radioprotective or radiosensitizing?
type: item
description: Currently, ionizing radiation has been used on a large scale in different areas of knowledge. However, despite the existence of several radioprotection regulations for workers, patients and members of the public, these are not sufficient to completely limit the possible harmful effects of ionizing radiation. For this reason, there is currently an interest in finding radiomodifying substances with radioprotective or radiomitigating activity. It is reported that approximately half of all cancer patients will require radiotherapy. Therefore, as a means of radioprotection, the use of radioprotective compounds is essential to preserve healthy cells from radiation-induced damage. Among these agents, the literature highlights natural compounds and extracts, one of which is Allium cepa, commonly known as "onion"—a plant with medicinal potential, as well as antitumoral and antioxidant properties. However, no studies have reported the application of onion extract as an antioxidant and radioprotective agent in mammalian cells. Thus, it is necessary to confirm the antioxidant and radioprotective capabilities of A. cepa extract in human lymphocytes, particularly for planned exposures to ionizing radiation. Accordingly, the aqueous extract of A. cepa bulbs was subjected to cell viability testing (MTT assay) and antioxidant capacity evaluation (ABTS and DPPH assays). Subsequently, in the presence of the extract, the micronucleus assay was performed in lymphocytes exposed to three absorbed radiation doses (ranging from 0.5 to 4 Gy). The results demonstrated that, depending on the radiation dose and extract concentration, A. cepa extract influences the formation of micronuclei. At the dose of 0.5 Gy, no statistically significant difference was observed between irradiated groups treated or not treated with the extract. At 2 Gy, an increase in micronucleus frequency was observed in the presence of the extract, whereas at 4 Gy, the opposite effect was noted. Our findings suggest that A…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Joint Conference Radio (RADIO)
  topic: category
subject: radioprotectors
  topic: keywords
subject: antioxidant
  topic: keywords
subject: micronucleus
  topic: keywords
subject: allium cepa
  topic: keywords
subject: radioprotector
  topic: subjects
subject: plant
  topic: subjects
subject: allium cepa
  topic: subjects
subject: micronuclei
  topic: subjects
subject: antioxidant
  topic: subjects
subject: Blood Irradiation
  topic: subjects
subject: cbmn
  topic: subjects
creator: Raquel Cordeiro de Oliveira
creator: Evelin Mirelle Lima Araújo
creator: Osana Diniz Ferreira
creator: Suy Ferreira Hwang
creator: Ana Maria Mendonça Albuquerque de Melo
creator: Mariana Esposito Mendes
creator: Thiago Henrique Napoleão
creator: Fabiana Farias de Lima
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dra. Raquel Cordeiro de Oliveira, Evelin Mirelle Lima Araújo, Dr. Osana Diniz Ferreira, Dra. Suy Ferreira Hwang, Dra. Ana Maria Mendonça Albuquerque de Melo, Dra. Mariana Esposito Mendes, Dr. Thiago Henrique Napoleão, Dra. Fabiana Farias de Lima https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-08
publication date: 2025-09-08
starting page: e2921
ending page: e2921
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2921

Analysis of the Relationship Between Absorbed Dose and Its Effect on Plant Materials: A Literature Review
type: item
description: Gamma radiation has been widely explored as a physical elicitor capable of modifying plant metabolism. Its influence on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, which play key roles in defense, adaptation, and therapeutic action, has gained increasing interest in phytochemical and pharmacological research. This study aimed to systematically review the effects of gamma radiation on plant-derived secondary metabolites, highlighting dose-response relationships and potential biotechnological applications. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, SciELO, and BVS databases, focusing on studies published between 2019 and 2024. The search strategy included descriptors such as "gamma radiation," "secondary metabolites," and "plant materials." After applying eligibility criteria, 23 studies were selected. The studies revealed that gamma irradiation influences a wide range of secondary metabolites, including phenolics, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, and saponins. Most results indicate that doses (5–100 Gy) tend to enhance the synthesis of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. However, higher doses often lead to inhibitory or toxic effects. The response varied significantly across plant species and compound classes. Gamma irradiation presents great potential to optimize the production of high-value phytochemicals for therapeutic use. Nevertheless, the absence of standardized dose-response profiles and the limited understanding of molecular mechanisms highlight the need for further multidisciplinary research to ensure the safe and effective application of this technology in phytopharmaceutical development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Joint Conference Radio (RADIO)
  topic: category
subject: phytotherapeutics
  topic: keywords
subject: gamma radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: secondary metabolites
  topic: keywords
subject: metabólitos secundários
  topic: subjects
creator: Mario Mardone da Silva
creator: Ewerton Clementino Diniz
creator: Luiz da Silva Maia Neto
creator: Liderlanio de Almeida Araújo
creator: Simey de Souza Leão Pereira Magnata
creator: Ademir de Jesus Amaral
creator: Andre Maciel Netto
creator: Edvane Borges da Silva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mario Mardone da Silva, Ewerton Clementino Diniz, Luiz da Silva Maia Neto, Liderlanio de Almeida Araújo, Simey de Souza Leão Pereira Magnata, Ademir de Jesus Amaral, Andre Maciel Netto, Edvane Borges da Silva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-18
publication date: 2025-08-18
starting page: e2917
ending page: e2917
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2917

Two-dimensional radiometric map of environmental radiation levels in a nuclear medicine service
type: item
description: Nuclear Medicine in Brazil has shown significant growth, with approximately 2 million procedures performed annually across 436 facilities. Ensuring that radiation exposure remains within safe limits is critical to protect patients and staff, making radiometric surveys an essential part of safety protocols. This study investigated the distribution of radiation in a nuclear medicine service in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, using biweekly measurements collected between 2021 and 2023. A total of 2,000 samples were gathered at 40 points using a Geiger-Müller detector. The data were analyzed and mapped onto the facility’s floor plan using Paint and Excel software to generate a radiometric map. The results identified areas with elevated radiation levels and notable regional differences. The highest exposure rates were found primarily in the radiopharmacy—where radioactive materials are handled, stored, and prepared—and in radiopharmaceutical administration rooms. This radiometric map proved effective in guiding radiological protection measures and highlights the importance of continuous radiation monitoring in clinical nuclear medicine environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: nuclear medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Radiation Exposure
  topic: keywords
subject: radiation protection
  topic: keywords
subject: radiometric survey
  topic: keywords
subject: heat map
  topic: keywords
subject: Nuclear Medicine
  topic: subjects
subject: radiation exposure
  topic: subjects
subject: radiation protection
  topic: subjects
subject: radiometric survey
  topic: subjects
subject: heat map
  topic: subjects
creator: Maria Eduarda santos
creator: Tatiane Sabriela Camozzato
creator: Lucas Faconi Camargo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Eduarda Santos, Tatiane Sabriela Camozzato, Lucas Faconi Camargo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-03
publication date: 2025-09-03
starting page: e2894
ending page: e2894
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2894

Isotopic Characterization of Cumaru Essential Oil (Dipteryx odorata) for Quality and Authenticity Validation
type: item
description: Cumaru oil (Dipteryx odorata) has chemical properties that make it a sought-after input in the cosmetics, perfumery, alternative medicine and food industries. The appreciation of these essential oils, as well as other native plants, not only reinforces Brazil's position as a leader in the production and export of natural products, but also strengthens its identity on the international scene, promoting sustainability and environmental preservation. For the analysis of carbon-13 (δ¹³C), oxygen-18 (δ¹⁸O) and deuterium (δD) of the essential oil extracted from Cumaru seeds, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) was used to determine the authenticity and quality of Cumaru oil. The results obtained allowed validating the methodology used both in the analysis and in the extraction of the essential oil, which used solvents such as ethanol and ethyl acetate, and demonstrated its ability to distinguish genuine products from fraud.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Essential oils
  topic: keywords
subject: Cumaru
  topic: keywords
subject: IRMS
  topic: keywords
subject: Isotopes
  topic: keywords
subject: carbon-13
  topic: subjects
subject: oxygen-18
  topic: subjects
subject: deuterium
  topic: subjects
subject: isotopic analysis
  topic: subjects
subject: essentil oils
  topic: subjects
subject: tonka bean
  topic: subjects
subject: Cumaru
  topic: subjects
creator: Sarah Andresa Bonfim
creator: Hervé Casabianca
creator: Arno Heeren Oliveira
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sarah Andresa Bonfim, Hervé Casabianca, Arno Heeren Oliveira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-04
publication date: 2025-07-04
starting page: e2837
ending page: e2837
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2837

Effective social participation in radiation protection: a necessary approach to indoor radon programs in Brazil
type: item
description: Effective social involvement in nuclear science and radiation protection remains a challenge, particularly in managing natural radiation exposure, such as radon gas – the largest contributor to human exposure from natural sources. This paper addresses the first Brazilian attempt to actively engage the public in a 6-month indoor radon monitoring campaign in Poços de Caldas, a region with high natural radioactivity. The study aimed to raise awareness and foster voluntary participation through a communication campaign, incorporating educational content, strategic messaging, and both virtual and in-person engagement. Despite a modest voluntary participation rate of 17%, the study found strong commitment among participants and demonstrated the effectiveness of local partnerships, digital tools, and community-driven efforts. The findings underscore the importance of tailored communication strategies and collaborative engagement to overcome barriers in public health initiatives, suggesting a need for culturally appropriate approaches to radon risk management in Brazil. Future work should focus on refining engagement strategies and assessing long-term impacts to ensure sustainable public participation in radon exposure control.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Joint Conference Radio (RADIO)
  topic: category
subject: Latin-American Congress on Solid State Dosimetry and Radiation Measurements (LASSD)
  topic: category
subject: International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA)
  topic: category
subject: II Simpósio Internacional sobre Protección Radiologica, Cusco (SIPR)
  topic: category
subject: IX Congresso de Proteção Contra Radiações da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (PCR-CPLP)
  topic: category
subject: National Week of Nuclear and Energy Engineering and Radiation Sciences (SENCIR)
  topic: category
subject: Radon exposure, public engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: health communication
  topic: keywords
subject: behavioral change
  topic: keywords
subject: community participation
  topic: keywords
creator: Danila Carrijo da Silva Dias
creator: Wanilson Luiz Silva
creator: Nivaldo Carlos da Silva
creator: Paloma França Machado
creator: Adriano Mota Ferreira
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Danila Carrijo da Silva Dias, Wanilson Luiz Silva, Nivaldo Carlos da Silva, Paloma França Machado, Adriano Mota Ferreira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-18
publication date: 2025-07-18
starting page: e2869
ending page: e2869
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2869

Determination of radon (222Rn) activity concentration in the Institute of Radiation Protecion and Dosimetry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
type: item
description: Radon is a natural radioactive element responsible for around 40% of the annual dose from natural sources of radiation. It is considered the second leading cause of lung cancer by UNSCEAR. For these reasons, it is important to determine the concentration of radon in built environments. The aim of this study was to quantify the concentration of radon on the premises of the Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry (IRD/CNEN). Radon concentrations were measured using CR-39 solid-state nuclear trace detectors, which were exposed for 90 days in 20 of the Institute's buildings, including rooms, offices, bathrooms and laboratories. The laboratorial procedures were conducted at the Radon Laboratory of the Environmental and Occupational Radioprotection Division (DIRAD) of the IRD/CNEN. The statistical uncertainties were provided by the equipment manufacturer's software, and the effective dose calculations strictly followed the appropriate bibliographical references. The average radon concentration found was 86.4 Bq/m³, ranging from 6.5 Bq/m³ to 285.4 Bq/m³, demonstrating compliance with national regulations. Regarding the maximum annual effective dose, for a 5-hour working day, the values ranged from 0.13 mSv/year to 1.33 mSv/year. For an 8-hour working day, the values ranged from 0.21 mSv/year to 2.14 mSv/year. Based on the concentrations obtained, it was possible to check whether the Institute's facilities meet the requirements of standard CNEN NN 3.01, as well as calculating the maximum annual effective dose for two scenarios: 5-hour and 8-hour working days.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: radon
  topic: keywords
subject: CR-39
  topic: keywords
subject: Annual effective dose
  topic: keywords
subject: Radon Activity Concentration
  topic: keywords
subject: CR-39
  topic: subjects
subject: Radon
  topic: subjects
subject: indoor radon
  topic: subjects
subject: annual effective dose
  topic: subjects
creator: Lucas Rezende
creator: Paulo Ferreira
creator: Fernando Ribeiro
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lucas Rezende, Dr. Paulo Roberto Rocha Ferreira, Dr. Fernando Carlos Araujo Ribeiro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-05
publication date: 2025-09-05
starting page: e2890
ending page: e2890
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2890

Determination of temporal correction factors for a survey meter detector dedicated to radioprotection in radiology
type: item
description: Radiometric surveying is essential for assessing radiation levels in facilities that use ionizing radiation, ensuring that individual exposures remain within the dose limits established by current regulations. Ionization chambers (ICs) are crucial tools in this evaluation, and understanding their operational limitations—particularly the effects of temporal dependence—is key to ensuring accurate measurements. This study aimed to verify the temporal dependence of the Fluke Victoreen IC (349 cm³, model 451B-RYR) by analyzing the ambient dose equivalent rate H*(10) over short exposure intervals in its two operational modes: Integrated (Mode A) and Rate (Mode B). Measurements were conducted using N60, N80, and N100 radiation qualities for narrow X-ray beams defined by ISO 4037-1:2019 and characterized at the Laboratory of Radiological Sciences (LCR). The results revealed temporal dependence for times shorter than 0.8 s for N60 and N80, and shorter than 1.5 s for N100 in both operational modes. Correction factors were calculated to adjust the H*(10) values, reducing uncertainties and enabling the definition of cutoff times for each radiometric quality and chamber mode. Mode A exhibited shorter cutoff times for N60 and N100 (0.3 s and 0.4 s, respectively), whereas Mode B proved more suitable for N80 (0.2 s). The highest combined relative uncertainties before stabilization were observed as follows: for N60, 26% in Mode A and 50% in Mode B (both at 0.1 s); for N80, 31% in Mode A and 17% in Mode B (both at 0.5 s); and for N100, 49% in Mode A (0.2 s) and 15% in Mode B (0.6 s). The study concludes that the application of correction factors and cutoff times improves the precision of H*(10) measurements at short exposure intervals, contributing to more reliable radiometric surveys in radiological protection contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Joint Conference Radio (RADIO)
  topic: category
subject: Radiation detector
  topic: keywords
subject: ionization chamber
  topic: keywords
subject: radiation protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Radiation detector
  topic: subjects
subject: ionization chamber
  topic: subjects
subject: radiation protection
  topic: subjects
creator: Ellen Vilarinho da Silva
creator: Vitoria de Lima Ribeiro Baptista
creator: Leonardo de Castro Pacífico
creator: Luis Alexandre Gonçalves Magalhães
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ellen Vilarinho da Silva, Vitoria de Lima Ribeiro Baptista, Leonardo de Castro Pacífico, Luis Alexandre Gonçalves Magalhães https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-01
publication date: 2025-09-01
starting page: e2905
ending page: e2905
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2905

Primary standardization of Radionuclide 123I
type: item
description: Short half-life radionuclides are essential for Nuclear Medicine. These radionuclides are usually linked to a more complex molecular or cellular structure with pharmacological characteristics. This set is called “radiopharmaceutical” and have been applied for the diagnosis and therapy of diseases. The use of radiopharmaceuticals involves exposure to ionizing radiation, which, although carefully controlled, poses potential health risks to patients and healthcare professionals. To minimize these risks and maintain the benefits of its use, the radiopharmaceutical dose must be administered to patients with high accuracy and precision, this places on National Metrology Institutes new requirements for improvement for primary standardization of these short half-life radionuclides, so that the standards used to calibrate the activity meters in hospitals and nuclear medicine clinics have the greatest possible precision. Iodine-123 is currently used for several applications in radiodiagnosis, the main being in pathologies and tumors in the thyroid. In this work is presented the primary standardization of 123I performed by 4παβ(LS)-γ(NaI(Tl)) live timed anticoincidence counting and no significant radionuclidic impurities have been detected by high resolution gamma ray spectrometry. With this work, LMNRI/IRD prepared for the key comparison of the BIPM K4 series using the SIRTI instrument.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nuclear Medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Radiopharmaceuticals
  topic: keywords
subject: Primary Standardization
  topic: keywords
subject: Iodine
  topic: keywords
subject: Radionuclide Metrology
  topic: subjects
subject: Standardization
  topic: subjects
subject: anticoincidence counting
  topic: subjects
creator: Regio dos Santos Gomes
creator: Carlos José Da Silva
creator: José Ubiratan Delgado
creator: Monica Aguiar Leobino da Silva
creator: R.L. da Silva
creator: Johnny de Almeida Rangel
creator: Luis Alberto Pereira Dias
creator: Alfredo Lopes Ferreira Filho
creator: Octavio L. Trindade Filho
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Regio dos Santos Gomes, Dr. Carlos José da Silva, Dr. José Ubiratan Delgado, Monica Aguiar Leobino da Silva, R.L. da Silva, Johnny de Almeida Rangel, Dr. Luis Alberto Pereira Dias, Alfredo Lopes Ferreira Filho, Octavio Trindade Filho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-29
publication date: 2025-08-29
starting page: e2969
ending page: e2969
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2969

Construction Process with Monte Carlo of a Lead-Moderated ²⁴¹Am-Be System to Simulate the Neutron Spectrum of ²⁵²Cf
type: item
description: Over the years, as the use of the radionuclide ²⁵²Cf has expanded across various fields, its availability has decreased, and its cost has risen exponentially, making it the second most expensive material in the world, after antimatter. In contrast, the ²⁴¹Am-Be source is highly accessible, significantly cheaper, and has a long half-life. By employing absorber and moderator materials, neutron fields can be modified. This study presents the Monte Carlo simulation process for developing a lead-based system capable of producing a ²⁵²Cf-like neutron field from a moderated ²⁴¹Am-Be source. To match the 2.13 MeV energy of ²⁵²Cf, a spherical lead geometry with a radius of 12.56 cm was selected. The simulations achieved an average neutron energy of 2.13 ± 0.11 MeV, with conversion coefficients H*(10) and Hp(10;0) differing by only 4–6% from the reference ²⁵²Cf values. The low-cost lead moderator system suits calibration procedures and routine irradiation in neutron metrology laboratories.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Joint Conference Radio (RADIO)
  topic: category
subject: Californium
  topic: keywords
subject: Americium-Beryllium
  topic: keywords
subject: Monte Carlo Simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Neutron Metrology.
  topic: keywords
subject: Californium
  topic: subjects
subject: Americium-Beryllium
  topic: subjects
subject: Monte Carlo Simulation
  topic: subjects
subject: Neutron Metrology
  topic: subjects
creator: Angela Souza Gonçalves
creator: Lunia Coelho de Almeida de Lima
creator: Antônio Carlos Ferreira
creator: Marcelo Marques Martins
creator: Walsan Wagner Pereira
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Angela Souza Gonçalves, Lunia Coelho de Almeida de Lima, Antônio Carlos Ferreira, Marcelo Marques Martins, Walsan Wagner Pereira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: e2915
ending page: e2915
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2915

A new method for voxelizing mesh phantoms through cross-sectional images
type: item
description: Exposure Computational Models (ECMs) utilize algorithms for ionizing radiation sources and Monte Carlo (MC) codes to simulate radiation transport, its interaction with matter, and to assess the energy deposited in volumes of interest (VOIs) represented by a phantom. The GDN (Numerical Dosimetry Research Group) (CRCN-NE) and the Computational Dosimetry and Embedded Systems Research Group (IFPE) have been developing techniques and software to create anthropomorphic Boundary Representation (BREP) phantoms, which are typically constructed using polygonal meshes due to their better anatomical representation of organs and tissues. To couple BREP phantoms with MC codes, GDN developed a method that converts polygonal meshes into voxels. This process is carried out using the in-house software DIP (Digital Image Processing), which converts mesh.obj files into voxels.sgi (Interactive Graphics Simulations). In this study, a new voxelization technique is presented, utilizing coronal images generated from a mesh phantom using the Blender application and two other tools: DIP (an in-house software) and PHAntoms Manufacturing. Essentially, the method involves using a plane to section the volume containing the phantom in the anteroposterior direction, saving an image of each slice. The total number of images generated is adjusted to reproduce a phantom height of 176 cm, targeting cubic voxels with edge lengths of 0.12 cm, resulting in 272 images. The produced images represent a collection of segmented VOIs with unique identifiers stacked in the DIP, creating an SGI file. The result of this voxelization was compared to the previous GDN method for dosimetric analyses of ionizing radiation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: International Joint Conference Radio (RADIO)
  topic: category
subject: Phantoms
  topic: keywords
subject: Voxelization
  topic: keywords
subject: Monte Carlo
  topic: keywords
subject: Ionizing Radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Phantoms
  topic: subjects
subject: Voxelization
  topic: subjects
subject: Monte Carlo
  topic: subjects
subject: Ionizing Radiation
  topic: subjects
creator: Raniele Costa de Matos dos Santos
creator: Whoody Alem Wanderley Araripe Farias
creator: José Wilson VIEIRA
creator: Pedro Henrique Avelino de ANDRADE
creator: Jefferson Melo Gonçalves PENA
creator: Vanildo Júnior de Melo LIMA
creator: Fernando Roberto de Andrad LIMA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Raniele Costa de Matos dos Santos, Whoody Alem Wanderley Araripe Farias, José Wilson Vieira, Pedro Henrique Avelino de Andrade, Jefferson Melo Gonçalves Pena, Vanildo Júnior de Melo Lima, Fernando Roberto de Andrade Lima https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
starting page: e2912
ending page: e2912
doi: 10.15392/2319-0612.2025.2912