Environmental costs of nuclear reactors: a literature review

Resumen

The provision of reliable and affordable energy, while reducing environmental impacts, is an increasing challenge. Nuclear energy stands out as an important low-carbon alternative in the energy transition, supporting intermittent renewable sources. However, despite its environmental advantages, nuclear energy still faces some challenges, such as the decommissioning of reactors at the end of their life cycle and technological advancements with the construction of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). The costs and environmental impacts of these processes must be considered to inform energy decision-making. The objective of this article is, therefore, to present a literature review on the calculation of environmental costs in the nuclear energy sector. This article marks the initial stage of an ongoing research project aimed at creating a program to calculate the environmental costs of Brazilian nuclear power plants and future SMRs. Thus, this study was conducted as qualitative research through a literature review, as part of an ongoing project. The literature review highlighted the theoretical basis that involves the subject, as well as the projects and studies already carried out on the topic. Finally, the calculation of environmental costs is encouraged, with the ultimate purpose of supporting energy decision-making.