Must Nuclear Energy be Increased on Brazilian Energy Mix in a Post-COVID-19 World?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2022.1920Keywords:
Nuclear Energy, Brazilian Energy Mix, Climate ChangeAbstract
This paper aims to discuss the convenience and feasibility of increasing the nuclear energy participation on the Brazilian energy mix, amid a national context of climate change, scarcity of natural resources necessary to baseload energy generation, particularly hydropower, discussions on a possible restart and expansion of Brazilian nuclear program, whilst the population still suffers socioeconomic impacts resulting from COVID-19 pandemic as well as the pre-pandemic economic crisis. The work proposes four analysis axes: environmental factors, economic, safety/legislation and technological aspects, and through bibliographic research in scientific articles published in journals, theses, dissertations, laws, regulations and international recommendations, it was possible, as a result of the research, to draw an optimistic overview of a possible future expansion of the Brazilian nuclear program, considering the advantages and challenges of using the nuclear alternative when compared to other energy sources.
- Views: 357
- PDF Downloads: 123
Downloads
References
EPE - Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. O que é energia? .(2021) Available at: <https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/abcdenergia/o-que-e-energia>. Last access on Oct.17th, 2021.
LA FONDATION d’entreprise TOTAL. Planête Énergies - What Is the Energy Mix?. last update jul. 2020. Available at: <https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/what-energy-mix>. Last access on Oct.17th, 2021.
Le, Thai-Ha and Nguyen, C.P. Is energy security a driver for economic growth? Evidence from a global sample. Energy Policy 129 (2019) 436–451. Available at:<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.038>. Last access on: Oct. 18th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.038
Paravantis, J.A. et al. A Geopolitical Review of Definitions, Dimensions and Indicators of Energy Security. 2018 9th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA). Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330879521>. Last access on: Oct. 19th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IISA.2018.8633676
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2021. Available at: <https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/>. Last access on: Oct. 19th, 2021
Webinar: Água e Mudanças climáticas: principais impactos na região Sudeste do Brasil e possíveis caminhos para endereçar esse desafio. Available at: <https://ceowatermandate.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Brazil_LN_Presentation_Notes_Portuguese.pdf>. Last access on: Oct. 19th, 2021
EPE- Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. Balanço Energético Nacional- Relatório Síntese 2021, ano Base 2020. Available at: <https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-601/topico-588/BEN_S%C3%ADntese_2020_PT.pdf>. Last access on July 30th, 2021
Vogel, J. et al. Socio-economic conditions for satisfying human needs at low energy use: An international analysis of social provisioning. Global Environmental Change Volume 69, July 2021, 102287. Available at: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102287>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102287
IEA - INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY. Energy security. (2019). https://www.iea.org/areas-of-work/ensuring-energy-security
APERC - ASIA PACIFIC ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE. A QUEST FOR ENERGY SECURITY IN THE 21st CENTURY. (2007). https://aperc.or.jp/file/2010/9/26/APERC_2007_A_Quest_for_Energy_Security.pdf
Khatib, H. (leader author) et al. Chapter 4 – Energy Security. World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability (UNDP). (2015). https://www.undp.org/publications/world-energy-assessment-energy-and-challenge-sustainability
Fang, D., Shi, S., Yu, Q. Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Security and an Empirical Analysis of China. Sustainability 2018, 10(5), 1685. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051685 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051685
MME – Ministério de Minas e Energia. Resenha Energética Brasileira Exercício de 2019. (2020). http://antigo.mme.gov.br/documents/36208/948169/Resenha+Energ%C3%A9tica+Brasileira+-+edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+2020/ab9143cc-b702-3700-d83a-65e76dc87a9e
ANEEL - AGÊNCIA NACIONAL DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA. LUZ NA TARIFA. (2021). https://www.aneel.gov.br/relatorio-evolucao-tarifas-residenciais
Carvalho, C.E. Comissão de Minas e Energia CÂMARA DOS DEPUTADOS Requerimento n° 02 de 2019. Evolução de Custos, Mercado e Tarifas - Panorama Brasil. https://www2.camara.leg.br/atividade-legislativa/comissoes/comissoes-permanentes/cme/apresentacoes-em-eventos/2019/audiencia-publica-sobre-o-preco-de-energia-eletrica-em-rondonia/2%20-%20ANEEL%20-%20Claudio.pdf
IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf
SAE - Presidência da República – Secretária de Assuntos Estratégicos . BRASIL 2040: RESUMO EXECUTIVO. (2015). http://www.agroicone.com.br/$res/arquivos/pdf/160727143013_BRASIL-2040-Resumo-Executivo.pdf
Jong, P. Barreto, T.B. et al. Estimating the impact of climate change on wind and solar energy in Brazil using a South American regional climate model.
Owusu, P.A., and Sarkodie, S.A. A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation. Cogent Engineering (2016), 3: 1167990. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1167990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1167990
Dias, V.S. et al. An Overview of Hydropower Reservoirs in Brazil: Current Situation, Future Perspectives and Impacts of Climate Change. Water 2018, 10(5), 592 https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050592 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050592
Pryor, S.C., Barthelmie, R.J., Bukovsky, M.S. et al. Climate change impacts on wind power generation. Nat Rev Earth Environ 1, 627–643 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0101-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0101-7
Almazroui, M., Ashfaq, M., Islam, M.N. et al. Assessment of CMIP6 Performance and Projected Temperature and Precipitation Changes Over South America. Earth Syst Environ 5, 155–183 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00233-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00233-6
Penmetsa, V. and Holbert, K.E. Climate Change Effects on Solar, Wind and Hydro Power Generation. 2019 North American Power Symposium (NAPS), 2019, pp. 1-6. DOI: 10.1109 / NAPS46351.2019.9000213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS46351.2019.9000213
Solaun, K. and Cerdá, E. Climate change impacts on renewable energy generation. A review of quantitative projections. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Volume 116, December 2019, 109415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109415 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109415
MME – Ministério de Minas e Energia e EPE - Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. Plano Nacional de Energia 2050. (2020). https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-227/topico-563/Relatorio%20Final%20do%20PNE%202050.pdf
MME – Ministério de Minas e Energia e EPE - Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. NOTA TÉCNICA PR 04/18 Potencial dos Recursos Energéticos no Horizonte 2050. (2020) https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-227/topico-416/03.%20Potencial%20de%20Recursos%20Energ%C3%A9ticos%20no%20Horizonte%202050%20(NT%20PR%2004-18).pdf
Guldberg, O.H., Impacts of 1.5°C of Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems -
IPCC, 2019, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Chapter3_Low_Res.pdf
Balanço Energético Nacional- Relatório Síntese 2021, ano Base 2020.EPE, 2021. Acesso em 30/07/21 https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-601/topico-588/BEN_S%C3%ADntese_2020_PT.pdf
IAEA (2020), Advances in Small Modular Reactor Technology Developments, A supplement to: IAEA Advances Reactors Information System (ARIS), 2020 Edition, IAEA, Vienna https://aris.iaea.org/Publications/SMR_Book_2020.pdf.
IEA (2020), Tracking Clean Energy Progress: Nuclear Power, OECD Publishing, Paris, www.iea.org/reports/nuclear-power.
ONS – Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico. Base de Dados Técnica do ONS – Histórico da Operação. http://www.ons.org.br/Paginas/resultados-da-operacao/historico-da-operacao/dados_hidrologicos_niveis.aspx
Com reator multipropósito, Brasil terá autonomia na produção de radioisótopos.19 ago. 2016b. Disponível em: <https://goo.gl/ozNjXa>.
CORRÊA (2010), Fernanda das Graças. O projeto do submarino nuclear brasileiro: uma história de ciência, tecnologia e soberania. Rio de Janeiro: Capax Dei.
CNEN – COMISSÃO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR. Programa Política Nuclear: PPA 2016-2019 e LOA 2016. 2016a. Disponível em: https://goo.gl/Dc11no.
BRASIL. Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm>.
CNEN – COMISSÃO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR. Normas. Disponível em: <http://appasp.cnen.gov.br/seguranca/normas/normas.asp>.
BRASIL. Decreto nº 2.648, de 1º de julho de 1988. Promulga o Protocolo da Convenção de Segurança Nuclear, assinada em Viena, em 20 de setembro de 1994. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/d2648.htm>.
BRASIL. Decreto n° 95, de 16 de abril de 1991. Promulga a Convenção sobre a Proteção Física do Material Nuclear. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/1990-1994/D0095.htm>.
BRASIL. Lei nº 4.118, de 27 de agosto de 1962. Dispõe sôbre a política nacional de energia nuclear, cria a Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, e dá outras providências. Disponível em:<http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l4118.htm>.
BRASIL. Lei nº 6.453, de 17 de outubro de 1977. Dispõe sobre a responsabilidade civil por danos nucleares e a responsabilidade criminal por atos relacionados com atividades nucleares e dá outras providências. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l6453.htm>.
BRASIL. Lei nº 7.781, de 27 de junho de 1989. Dá nova redação aos artigos 2º, 10 e 19 da Lei nº 6.189, de 16 de dezembro de 1974, e dá outras providências. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l7781.htm>.
BRASIL. Lei nº 9.605, de 12 de fevereiro de 1998. Dispõe sobre as sanções penais e administrativas derivadas de condutas e atividades lesivas ao meio ambiente, e dá outras providências. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9605.htm>.
BRASIL. Decreto nº 9.600, de 5 de dezembro de 2018. Consolida as diretrizes sobre a Política Nuclear Brasileira. Disponível em: <https://www.in.gov.br/materia/-/asset_publisher/Kujrw0TZC2Mb/content/id/53757734/do1-2018-12-06-decreto-n-9-600-de-5-de-dezembro-de-2018-53757633>.
CNEN - COMISSÃO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR. Resolução CNEN 11/99, de 21 de setembro de 1999 (Norma CNEN NE-2.02), sobre Controle de Materiais Nucleares. Disponível em: <http://appasp.cnen.gov.br/seguranca/normas/pdf/Nrm202.pdf>.
CNEN - COMISSÃO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR. Resolução CNEN 253/19, de 13 de novembro de 2019 (Norma CNEN NN-2.01), que dispõe sobre os princípios e requisitos de proteção física aplicáveis a materiais e instalações nucleares. Disponível em: <http://appasp.cnen.gov.br/seguranca/normas/pdf/Nrm-NN201.pdf>.
Pastermak, A. D. Global Energy Futures and Human Development: A Framework for Analysis. October 2000. http://www.terrawatts.com/HDI.pdf
Bp.plc – Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 | 69th edition. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licensing: The BJRS articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
