Energy and Covid 19 : Analysis of the Impact on the Global Energy Matrix

Luiz Antonio Ferrari

doi:10.15392/2319-0612.2022.1966

Authors

Luiz Antonio Ferrari IPEN Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2022.1966

Keywords:

Covid19, Global Energy Matrix, environment, pandemic

Abstract

Pandemics reverberated their times, changing social and economic contexts, prompting, and redirecting changes in social ties, business, and education, restructuring the world that generated them. In this context, this study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global energy matrix, supported by an analysis of consumption, demand, and GDP from January 2019 to June 2021. The energy balance showed variations in this period, with impacts on the environment. We will assess whether the changes will be lasting.

Views: 142
PDF Downloads: 108

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

FIOCRUZ, 2020. Online Course in Scientific Research Methodology. Fiocruz Virtual Campus Classroom Platform (in Portuguese). Available in: https://cursos.campusvirtual.fiocruz.br/ . Accessed: May 2020.

SEVERINO, A.J. Methodology of scientific work (in Portuguese). 24th ed. rev. and wide São Paulo: Cortez, 2018. 320 p.

CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology. (May 2012) https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html

WHO – World Health Organization. Bulletin of the World Health Organization: The elusive definition of pandemic influenza. (2011). https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/7/11-086173.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.11.086173

NCBI - National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S. National Library of Medicine). Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation. Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty. Cap 17. 3rd edition (2018). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525302/

DAMEN, M. Section 6: Man and Disease: The Black Death. (History and Civilisation) 2019. [on-line] http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320hist&civ/chapters/06plague.htm

SANTAMARIA, D. A Peste Negra. Academia EDU, [s. l.], 2008. Disponível em: https://www.academia.edu/34233978/La_Peste_Negra. Acesso em: 12 jun. 2020

CARPENTER, P.A ; Bishop, P.C. A review of previous mass extinctions and historic catastrophic events. The Journal of Policy, Planning and Futures Studies, 2009, Vol.41(10), pp.676-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2009.07.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2009.07.012

ATKINSON, J. The plague of 542: not the birth of the clinic. Acta Classica, 45, 1-18, (2002).

CDC – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.1918 Pandemic (H1N1 virus) (2019). https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html

HORGAN, John. Justinian's Plague (541-542 CE). World History Encyclopaedia. World History Encyclopaedia, Dec 2014. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/782/justinians-plague-541-542-ce/#citation_info

FRANKE, C. The Black Death, an Unforeseen Exchange: Europe’s Encounter with Pandemic Sparked an Age of Exploration. (Jun, 2016). National History Day. https://www.nhd.org/sites/default/files/Franke_Senior_Paper.pdf

BROWN UNIVERSITY. Decameron Web’s. Social and Economic Effects of the Plague. (March, 2010). Italian Studies Department's Virtual Humanities Lab at Brown University. https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/effects/social.php

WINKLER, A. The Medieval Holocaust: The Approach of the Plague and the Destruction of Jews in Germany, 1348-1349. (2005) Brigham Young University. Faculty Publications. 1816. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/1816

BARRO, R. J., URSÚA, J. F., WENG, J. The coronavirus and the great influenza pandemic: Lessons from the “spanish flu” for the coronavirus's potential effects on mortality and economic activity. 2020 - National Bureau of Economic Research (nber.org.) https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w26866/w26866.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w26866

RILEY, R. A Review of the Impacts of the 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic. ( Jun, 2020) City Region Economic and Development Institute. University of Birmingham. https://blog.bham.ac.uk/cityredi/a-review-of-the-impacts-of-the-1918-spanish-flu-pandemic/

ANAND, K.B., et al. Review Article. SARS-CoV-2: Camazotz's Curse. (Coronaviruses: origin and evolution). Medical Journal Armed Forces India. (April 2020). DOI:10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.04.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.04.008

(1)WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part. (March 2021). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part .

CHANG, D-S. and WU, W-D. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Tourism Industry: Applying TRIZ and DEMATEL to Construct a Decision-Making Model. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7610. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147610 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147610

(2)WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. (updated daily). https://covid19.who.int/

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19

EPE – Empresa de Pesquisa Energética – ABCDEnergia – https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/abcdenergia/matriz-energetica-e-eletrica, Acesso em 2020.

LA FONDATION d’entreprise TOTAL. Planête Énergies - What Is the Energy Mix?. last update jul. 2020. https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/what-energy-mix. Access 2021

STEVENS, P. A brief history of the role of energy in the global economy. The last 25 years. (2017). UNU-WIDER United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics. https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/brief-history-role-energy-global-economy .Access2020

PARAVANTIS, J. et all. A Geopolitical Review of Definitions, Dimensions and Indicators of Energy Security. Conference: 2018 - 9th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA). DOI:10.1109/IISA.2018.8633676 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IISA.2018.8633676

ASGHAR, Z. Energy–GDP relationship: a causal analysis for the five countries of south Asia. Applied Econometrics and International Development Vol. 8-1 (2008). https://www.usc.gal/economet/reviews/aeid8114.pdf

UNDP – United nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2020. The next frontier: Human development and the Anthropocene. 1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA. 2020. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf

ROSER, M. - Economic Growth (2013). Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth [Online Resource].

THE MADDISON PROJECT DATABASE (2017) – University of Groningen. Groningen Growth and Development Centre. Faculty of Economics and Business. https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/

BARNEY .F, FRANZI .P The future of energy From Future Dilemmas: Options to 2050 for Australia’s population, technology, resources, and environment. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems.pp157 – 189, (2002). https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/pub?list=BRO&pid=procite:b2d81791-52f0-4f60-9f33-5fe09454b63c

(3)WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Listings of WHO’s response to COVID-19. (June 2020). https://www.who.int/news/item/29-06-2020-covidtimeline

(3)IEA. Global annual change in real gross domestic product (GDP), 1900-2020, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-annual-change-in-real-gross-domestic-product-gdp-1900-2020

WBG - World Bank Group – IBRA – IDA. Understanding Poverty / Topics / Energy - The Tracking SDG 7 Report: The Last Decade to Leave No One Behind. (May,2020). https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/energy/publication/the-tracking-sdg-7-report-the-last-decade-to-leave-no-one-behind

UNDP- United Nations Development Program Human Development Report 2019: Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond the present: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century. Human Development Report 2019, New York, USA, p. 1-362, 2019. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2019_pt.pdf

STEINBERGER, J. K.. Energising Human Development. United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Reports (2016). http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/energising-human-development

Bp.plc – Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 | 69th edition. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf

UN – UNITED NATIONS – TREATY COLLECTION Paris Agreement Paris, 12 December 2015.

IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2018). Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. © 2019 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf

Lindsey, R., Dahlman, L. Climate Change: Global Temperature (2021). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) – USA, Washington, DC. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature

(1)IEA - International Energy Agency. Global Energy Review 2020. Global energy and CO2 emissions in 2020. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2020/global-energy-and-co2-emissions-in-2020

(2)IEA, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY. World Energy Outlook 2020: Part of World Energy Outlook. IEA 2020, Paris, France, October 2020, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2020

(3)IEA, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY. Sustainable Recovery - World Energy Outlook Special Report:: Covid-19 and energy: setting the scene IEA 2020, Paris, France June 2020, https://www.iea.org/reports/sustainable-recovery/covid-19-and-energy-settingthe-scene

IEA (2021), Global Energy Review 2021. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2021

ILO - International Labour Organization - ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Seventh edition Updated estimates and analysis (25 January 2021). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767028.pdf

FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021 (contribution of: IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO). Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb5409en DOI: https://doi.org/10.4060/cb5409en

WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 30 July 2021. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-30-july-2021

CFR – Council on Foreign Relations. Coronavirus: How Are Countries Responding to the Economic Crisis? (2020) https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/coronavirus-how-are-countries-responding-economic-crisis

IMF – International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook Reports (April, 2021). https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/081/29821-9781513575025-en/29821-9781513575025-en-book.xml?code=imf.org

WBG (1) - World Bank Group – IBRA – IDA. The Global Economy: on Track for Strong but Uneven Growth as COVID-19 Still Weighs (JUNE, 2021). https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/08/the-global-economy-on-track-for-strong-but-uneven-growth-as-covid-19-still-weighs

OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. COVID-19 and the low-carbon transition: Impacts and possible policy responses. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-and-the-low-carbon-transition-impacts-and-possible-policy-responses-749738fc/

IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf

NICOLA, M. et al. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery Volume 78, June 2020, Pages 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018

BORDOFF, J. Why This Energy Crisis Is Different. Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University SIPA. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/09/24/energy-crisis-europe-gas-coal-renewable-prices-climate/

FLEMING, S, Lessons for the energy transition from the 2021 energy crisis. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/10/energy-transition-risks-crisis/

Blackmon, D. Winter Is Coming: Can Energy Catastrophe Be Averted? 2021 Forbes Media. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidblackmon/2021/10/03/winter-is-coming-can-energy-catastrophe-be-averted/?sh=4521904536bd

NAUMAN, B. Sharp rise in number of investors dumping fossil fuel stocks. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/4dec2ce0-d0fc-11e9-99a4-b5ded7a7fe3f

IEA, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY. Net Zero by 2050. IEA Reporter, 2021. https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050

Fossil Free. Full List of Divestment Commitments. Fossil Free is a project of 350.org. 2021. https://gofossilfree.org/divestment/commitments/

Prashanth P. J. Explained | How bad is the world’s energy crisis? The Hindu, OCTOBER 05, 2021. https://www.thehindu.com/business/explained-how-bad-is-the-worlds-energy-crisis/article36834452.ece

EIA, US Energy Information Administration. Electricity in the United States is produced (generated) with diverse energy sources and technologies. (2021). https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/electricity-in-the-us.php

IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency. Nuclear Power and the Clean Energy Transition. (2020). https://www.iaea.org/bulletin/61-3

U.S. Department of Energy. RESTORING AMERICA’S COMPETITIVE NUCLEAR ENERGY ADVANTAGE. 2020. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/04/f74/Restoring%20America%27s%20Competitive%20Nuclear%20Advantage-Blue%20version%5B1%5D.pdf

E.C. - European Commission. Technical assessment of nuclear energy with respect to the ‘do no significant harm’ criteria of Regulation (EU) 2020/852 (‘Taxonomy Regulation’) 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/business_economy_euro/banking_and_finance/documents/210329-jrc-report-nuclear-energy-assessment_en.pdf

IEA, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY. Nuclear Power in a Clean Energy System. (2019). https://www.iea.org/reports/nuclear-power-in-a-clean-energy-system

Brook, W. B., Alonso, A. et al. Why nuclear energy is sustainable and has to be part of the energy mix. Sustainable Materials and Technologies. Volumes 1–2, December 2014, Pages 8-16. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214993714000050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2014.11.001

Sekimoto, H. (Guest Editor) Special Issue "Sustainable Nuclear Energy". Published Papers (15 papers). Sustainability Journal (ISSN 2071-1050). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). 2012. https://www.mdpi.com/si/sustainability/sne

UNDP (a) http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506#

Our World in Data https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-stacked?country=USA~GBR~OWID_WRL~CHN~IND~FRA~DEU~SWE~ZAF~JPN~BRA