3D modeling of bolus for producing by prototyping and use in radiation therapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2023.2220Keywords:
dose distribution, 3d printing, 3d modeling, teletherapyAbstract
Due to its vast number of occurrences, cancer has caused an economic impact on the public and supplementary health care sectors. It is estimated that more than 50% of patients diagnosed with malignant neoplasms need radiotherapy at some stage of their treatment, most of them treated with photon and/or electron beams. Due to the build-up effect (increase in dose in the matter from deposition on the surface to a point of maximum dose) caused by the interaction of photon beams with the irradiated tissue, bolus is often used in routine radiotherapy sectors to superficialize the point of maximum dose in the treatment region. The human body has complex surfaces that are often treatment regions in radiotherapy, but commercial bolus with a standard shape and length do not adapt perfectly to these surfaces. When this happens, air gaps may appear in the region, causing differences between the dose defined in radiotherapy planning and the dose delivered during treatment. In order to eliminate these air gaps and possible dose distribution errors, two methodologies for individualized bolus construction were proposed. In both cases, computed tomography images of the Alderson Rando male anthropomorphic phantom were used as a reference of the anatomy of a human body. From these images, one bolus model was constructed in the 3D modeling software 3ds Max by creating a polygonal mesh, while the other bolus model was constructed in the image computing software 3D Slicer, using segmentation tools. The software Creality Slicer 1.2.3. prepared the files for 3D printing. The prints of the files were made on polylactic acid filament on the Tevo Tarantula Pro printer. The bolus construction methodology using the software 3ds Max showed better results, as a greater contact area between the bolus and the phantom was observed when testing the fit of the printed bolus to the physical phantom. The 3D files of the virtual bolus will be available for future computer simulations. The printed bolus could be used in dosimetry with linear accelerators.
- Views: 196
- PDF Downloads: 119
- XML Downloads: 17
Downloads
References
IARC - International Agency for Research on Cancer. World Health Organization. International Latest Global Cancer Data: Cancer Burden Rises to 19.3 Million New Cases and 10.0 Million Cancer Deaths in 2020. Press Release N° 292, 2020. Available from: <https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/pr292_E.pdf>. Access on: Jan. 24 2021.
INCA - Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Estimativas. Rio de Janeiro: INCA, 2023. Available from: < https://www.gov.br/inca/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2022/inca-estima-704-mil-casos-de-cancer-por-ano-no-brasil-ate-2025#:~:text=Do%20total%20dos%20704%20mil,as%20regi%C3%B5es%20Sul%20e%20Sudeste.>. Access on: Nov. 30 2022.
HOSKIN, P. Introduction. In HOSKIN, P. (Ed). Radiotherapy in Practice: External Beam Therapy, Oxford University Press, USA, 2019.
LANPIGANANO, J. P.; KENDRICK, L. E. Radiographic positioning and related anatomy. 9ª ed. Missouri: Elsevier, 2018.
CANCINO, J. L. B. Modelamento de um Acelerador Linear Varian 600 C/D para Estudo Dosimétrico Usando Método de Monte Carlo. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear. Belo Horizonte, 2016.
OLIVEIRA, A. C. H. Desenvolvimento de um Sistema Computacional Baseado no Código Geant4 para Avaliações Dosimétricas em Radioterapia. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Departamento de Energia Nuclear. Pernambuco, 2016.
PODGORSAK, E. B. Radiation Physics for Medical Physicists. Technical Editor [et al.]. Third Edition. Graduate Texts in Physics. Springer: Canada, 2016.
GONÇALVES, S. M. O. Design e Produção de Bolus Individualizado via Impressão Tridimensional para Radioterapia Externa. Dissertação de Mestrado, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, 2017.
PARK, S-Y.; CHOI, C. H.; PARK, J. M., CHUN, M.; HAN, J. H.; KIM, J-i. (2016) A Patient-Specific Polylactic Acid Bolus Made by a 3D Printer for Breast Cancer Therapy. Plos One 11(12): e0168063. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168063. Access on: Mar. 25 2019.
KIM, S-W. ; SHIN, H-J.; KAY, C. S.; SON, S. H. (2014) A Customized Bolus Produced Using a 3-Dimensional Printer for Radiotherapy. Plos One 9(10): e110746. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110746 . Access on: Mar. 25 2019.
VYAS, V.; PALMER, L.; MUDGE, R.; JIANG, R.; FLECK, A.; SCHALY, B.; OSEI, E.; CHARLAND, P. (2013). On Bolus for Megavoltage Photon and Electron Radiation Therapy. Med Dosim, 38(3), 268-273. doi:10.1016/j.meddos.2013.02.007.
SHAW, A. Evaluation of the Effects of Bolus Air Gaps on Surface Dose in Radiation Therapy and Possible Clinical Implications. Master's thesis. University of Oxford. Vancouver, 2018.
ROBAR, J. Applications of 3D Printing in Radiation Oncology. 3DMedNet, 2016. Available from: <https://www.3dmednet.com/users/14012-3dmednet/posts/6818- applications-of-3d-printing-in-radiation-oncology>. Access on : Mar. 25 2019.
CANTERS, R. A.; LIPS, I. M.; WENDLING, M.; KUSTERS, M.; Van ZEELAND, M.; GERRITSEN, R. M.; POORTMANS, P.; VERHOEF, C. G. Clinical Implementation of 3D Printing in the Construction of Patient Specific Bolus for Electron Beam Radiotherapy for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 2016.
SU, S. ; MORAN, K. ; ROBAR, J. Design and Production of 3d Printed Bolus for Electron Radiation Therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2014 Jul 8;15(4):4831. doi: 10.1120/jacmp.v15i4.4831.
SU, S. Design and Production of 3d Printed Bolus for Electron Radiation Therapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, 2014. 138 p.
FEDOROV, A.; BEICHEL, R.; KALPATHY-CRAMER, J.; FINET, J.; FILLION-ROBIN, J-C.; PUJOL, S.; BAUER, C.; JENNINGS, D.; FENNESSY, F. M.; SONKA, M.; BUATTI, J.; AYLWARD, S. R.; MILLER, J. V.; PIEPER, S.; KIKINIS, R. 3D Slicer as an Image Computing Platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network. Magn Reson Imaging. 2012. 30: 1323–1341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2012.05.001. Versão 4.11. Available from: <https://www.slicer.org/>.
RSD. The Alderson Radiation Therapy Phantom (ART). The Worldwide Standard for Quality Assurance for Radiation Therapy. Disponível em:. Access on: Jun. 11 2022.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licensing: The BJRS articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
