Toxicity Removal of Pharmaceuticals Mixtures through Electron Beam Irradiation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2022.1838Keywords:
Irradiation, Pharmaceuticals, ToxicityAbstract
Contamination of the aquatic environment by pharmaceuticals is becoming a global phenomenon of growing concern. Pharmaceuticals can be only partially metabolized during therapeutic use, resulting in the excretion and release of residual fractions into sewage, unaltered or in the form of metabolites they may remain active in sewage treatment facilities for a long time. Many studies have shown that wastewater treatment plants are not designed to eliminate these compounds, as such the main source of drug residues in the aquatic environment. Due to their frequency and detection in the environment, persistence and toxicity, the most studied pharmaceutical groups are antibiotics, psychiatric drugs, hormones, analgesics and anti-inflammatory, β-blockers, and antidiabetic drugs. Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOPs) have been applied as an alternative or complement to conventional sewage treatment processes, aiming the degradation and removal of toxic pollutants. Electron beam irradiation (EBI) is considered a clean process that offers an environmentally friendly alternative to degrade pollutants in the aquatic environment. This technology has been demonstrated effective for removal of multiclass pharmaceutical residues present in wastewater by using low doses (2.5-5.0 kGy). In this present study, we focused on toxicity removal of three different tertiary mixtures of pharmaceuticals, which showed toxicity removal efficiency around 80% for the mixture of Propranolol, Fluoxetine and Diclofenac; 75% for the mixture of Propranolol, Fluoxetine and Sulfadiazine; and 30% for the mixture of Acetylsalicylic acid, Fluoxetine and Metformin.
Downloads
References
AUS DER BEEK, T.; WEBER, F.A.; BERGMANN, A.; HICKMANN, S.; EBERT, I.; HEIN, A.; KÜSTER, A. Pharmaceuticals in the environment - global occurrences and perspectives, Environ Toxicol Chem, v. 35, p. 823-835, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3339
PATEL, M., KUMAR, R., KISHOR, K., MLSNA, T., PITTMAN-JR, C.U., MOHAN, D. Pharmaceuticals of emerging concern in aquatic systems: chemistry, occurrence, effects, and removal methods, Chem Rev, v. 6, p. 3510-3673, 2019.
SOUZA, R.C.; GODOY, A.A.; KUMMROW, F.; SANTOS, T.L.; BRANDÃO, C.J.; PINTO, E. Occurrence of caffeine, fluoxetine, bezafibrate and levothyroxine in surface freshwater of São Paulo State (Brazil) and risk assessment for aquatic life protection, Environ Sci Pol Res, v. 28, p. 20751-20761, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11799-5
FENT, K.; WESTON, A. A.; CAMINADA, D. Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals. Aquat Toxicol, v. 76, n. 2, p. 122-59, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.09.009
PETRIE, B.; BARDEN, R.; KASPRZYK-HORDERN, B. A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: Current knowledge, understudied areas and recommenda-tions for future monitoring. Water Res, v. 32, n. 1, p. 3-27, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.053
RADJENOVI´C, J.; PETROVI´C, M.; BARCELÓ, D. Fate and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and sewage sludge of the conventional activated sludge (CAS) and advanced membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment, Water Res, v.43, p. 831-841, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.043
GROS, M.; PETROVI´C, M.; GINEBREDA, A.; BARCELÓ, D. Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes, Environ Int, v. 36, p. 15-26, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.09.002
FRASCAROLI, G., REIDE, D., HUNTER, C., ROBERTS, J., HELWIG, K., SPENCER, J., ESCUDEIRO, A. Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Systematic Review on the Substances of Greatest Concern Responsible for the Development of Antimicrobial Resis-tance “, Appl Sci, v. 11, p. 6670, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156670
VALDEZ-CARRILLO, M.; ABRELL, L.; RAMÍREZ-HERNÁNDEZ, J.; REYES-LÓPEZ, J.A.; CARREÓN-DIAZCONTI, C. Pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment of Latin America: a review, Environ Sci Pol Res, v. 27, p. 44863-44891, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10842-9
GEIGER, E.; HORNEK-GAUSTERER, R.; SAÇAN, M.T. Single and mixture toxicity of pharmaceuticals and chlorophenols to freshwater algae Chlorella vulgaris. Ecotox Environ Saf, v. 129, p. 189-98, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.032
ELIZALDE-VELÁZQUEZ, G. A.; GÓMEZ-OLIVÁN, L. M. Occurrence, toxic effects and removal of metformin in the aquatic environments in the world: Recent trends and perspec-tives”. Sci Tol Environ, v. 702, p. 134924, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134924
TERNES, T. A.; STÜBER, J.; HERRMANN, N.; McDOWELL, D. Ozonation: a tool for re-moval of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wasterwater? Water Res, v. 37, n. 8, p. 1976-1982, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00570-5
RIZZO, L. Bioassays as a tool for evaluating advanced oxidation processes in water and wastewater treatment. Water Res, v. 45, n. 15, p. 4311-40, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.035
HAMILTON, M.A.; RUSSO, R.C.; THURSTON, R.V. Trimmed Spearman-Karber method for estimating median lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays, Environ Sci Tec, v. 11, p. 714-719, 1977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es60130a004
TOMINAGA, F. K.; DOS SANTOS BATISTA, A. P.; TEIXEIRA, A. C. S. C.; BORRELY, S. I. Degradation of diclofenac by electron beam irradiaton: Toxicitiy removal, by-products identification and effect of another pharmaceutical compound. J Environ Chem Eng, v. 6, p. 4605-4611, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.06.065
PATEL, M.; KUMAR, R.; KISHOR, K.; MLSNA, T.; PITTMAN, C.U.; MAHON, D. Pharmaceuticals of emerging concern in Aquatic System chemistry, occurrence, effects and Removal Methods. Chem Rev, v. 119, p.3510-3673, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00299
TOMINAGA, F.K.; SILVA, T.T.; BOIANI, N.F.; JESU, J.M.S.; TEIXEIRA, A.C.S.C.; BORRELY, S.I. Is ionizing radiation effective in removing pharmaceuticals from wastewater? Environ Sci Pol Res, v. 28, p. 23975-23983, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11718-8
BOIANI, N.F.; SILVA, V.H.O.; GARCIA, V.S.G.; DEL SOLE, S.V.; BORRELY, S.I. Elec-tron beam irradiation of pharmaceuticals aiming at toxicity reduction: a binary mixture of fluoxetine and propranolol”, Ecotox Environ Cont, v. 14, p. 53-58, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5132/eec.2019.01.06
SILVA, V.H.O.; BATISTA, A.P.S.; TEIXEIRA, A.C.S.C.; BORRELY, S.I. Degradation and acute toxicity removal of the antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac®) in aqueous systems by electron beam irradiation. Environ Sci Pollut, v. 23, p. 11927-11936, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6410-1
BUXTON, G. V.; GREENSTOCK, C. L.; HELMAN, W. P.; ROSS, A. B. Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH/⋅O− in aqueous solution. J Phys Chem Ref Data, v. 17, p. 513-886, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555805
WANG, J.; CHU, L. Irradiation treatment of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in water and wastewater: an overview. Radiat. Phys. Chem., v. 125, p. 56-64, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.03.012
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licensing: The BJRS articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
How to Cite
